Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes
‘Honeycrisp’ (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.), a premium applecultivar, is highly susceptible to bitter pit and decline in quality during long-term storage. In order to enhance the quality, an aqueous composition containing hexanal was applied as a preharvest spray. The effects of hexanal...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2332 |
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| author | Karthika Sriskantharajah Walid El Kayal Murali Mohan Ayyanath Praveen K. Saxena Alan J. Sullivan Gopinadhan Paliyath Jayasankar Subramanian |
| author_facet | Karthika Sriskantharajah Walid El Kayal Murali Mohan Ayyanath Praveen K. Saxena Alan J. Sullivan Gopinadhan Paliyath Jayasankar Subramanian |
| author_sort | Karthika Sriskantharajah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ‘Honeycrisp’ (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.), a premium applecultivar, is highly susceptible to bitter pit and decline in quality during long-term storage. In order to enhance the quality, an aqueous composition containing hexanal was applied as a preharvest spray. The effects of hexanal were assessed on the treated fruit and compared with Harvista<sup>TM</sup> (a sprayable 1-Methylcyclopropene based commercial formulation) applied and control fruit under both cold (2.5 °C; four months) and cold after room temperature storage (20 °C; 14 days) conditions. Color, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS) did not show a significant change in response to any treatment at harvest, while abscisic acid (ABA) significantly reduced and tryptophan increased in response to hexanal, compared to Harvista<sup>TM</sup> and control. The treatment effects on quality traits were observed during storage. Both hexanal and Harvista<sup>TM</sup> sprayed apples had higher TSS under both cold and room temperature storage. In addition, both sprays enhanced firmness at room temperature storage. However, the effects of sprays on other quality traits showed a different pattern. Apples sprayed with hexanal had lower phospholipase D enzyme (PLD) activity, lower incidence of bitter pit, and decreased expression of <i>MdPLDα1</i> compared to Harvista<sup>TM</sup> and control. On the other hand, Harvista<sup>TM</sup> treated fruit produced lower ethylene. Both sprays decreased the expression of <i>MdPLDα4, MdCaM2, MdCaM4</i> and <i>MdCML18</i> genes. Generally, PLD alpha has a direct role in promoting fruit senescence, whereas the calcium senor proteins (CaM/CMLs) may involve in fruit ripening process via calcium and ethylene interactions. Therefore, improved postharvest qualities, including the lower incidence of bitter pit in hexanal treated ‘Honeycrisp’, may be associated with lower membrane damage due to lower PLD enzyme activity and decreased expression of <i>MdPLDα1</i> and <i>MdPLDα4</i> genes throughout the storage period. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:08:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-89b6672991644348926b0687929c055c |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:08:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-89b6672991644348926b0687929c055c2023-11-23T01:03:52ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-10-011011233210.3390/plants10112332Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins GenesKarthika Sriskantharajah0Walid El Kayal1Murali Mohan Ayyanath2Praveen K. Saxena3Alan J. Sullivan4Gopinadhan Paliyath5Jayasankar Subramanian6Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, 4890 Victoria, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaDepartment of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph-Vineland Station, 4890 Victoria, Vineland, ON L0R 2E0, Canada‘Honeycrisp’ (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.), a premium applecultivar, is highly susceptible to bitter pit and decline in quality during long-term storage. In order to enhance the quality, an aqueous composition containing hexanal was applied as a preharvest spray. The effects of hexanal were assessed on the treated fruit and compared with Harvista<sup>TM</sup> (a sprayable 1-Methylcyclopropene based commercial formulation) applied and control fruit under both cold (2.5 °C; four months) and cold after room temperature storage (20 °C; 14 days) conditions. Color, firmness, and total soluble solids (TSS) did not show a significant change in response to any treatment at harvest, while abscisic acid (ABA) significantly reduced and tryptophan increased in response to hexanal, compared to Harvista<sup>TM</sup> and control. The treatment effects on quality traits were observed during storage. Both hexanal and Harvista<sup>TM</sup> sprayed apples had higher TSS under both cold and room temperature storage. In addition, both sprays enhanced firmness at room temperature storage. However, the effects of sprays on other quality traits showed a different pattern. Apples sprayed with hexanal had lower phospholipase D enzyme (PLD) activity, lower incidence of bitter pit, and decreased expression of <i>MdPLDα1</i> compared to Harvista<sup>TM</sup> and control. On the other hand, Harvista<sup>TM</sup> treated fruit produced lower ethylene. Both sprays decreased the expression of <i>MdPLDα4, MdCaM2, MdCaM4</i> and <i>MdCML18</i> genes. Generally, PLD alpha has a direct role in promoting fruit senescence, whereas the calcium senor proteins (CaM/CMLs) may involve in fruit ripening process via calcium and ethylene interactions. Therefore, improved postharvest qualities, including the lower incidence of bitter pit in hexanal treated ‘Honeycrisp’, may be associated with lower membrane damage due to lower PLD enzyme activity and decreased expression of <i>MdPLDα1</i> and <i>MdPLDα4</i> genes throughout the storage period.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2332bitter pitcalcium sensor proteinsethyleneHarvista<sup>TM</sup>hexanalphospholipase D |
| spellingShingle | Karthika Sriskantharajah Walid El Kayal Murali Mohan Ayyanath Praveen K. Saxena Alan J. Sullivan Gopinadhan Paliyath Jayasankar Subramanian Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes Plants bitter pit calcium sensor proteins ethylene Harvista<sup>TM</sup> hexanal phospholipase D |
| title | Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes |
| title_full | Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes |
| title_fullStr | Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes |
| title_short | Preharvest Spray Hexanal Formulation Enhances Postharvest Quality in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples by Regulating Phospholipase D and Calcium Sensor Proteins Genes |
| title_sort | preharvest spray hexanal formulation enhances postharvest quality in honeycrisp apples by regulating phospholipase d and calcium sensor proteins genes |
| topic | bitter pit calcium sensor proteins ethylene Harvista<sup>TM</sup> hexanal phospholipase D |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2332 |
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