Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review
Out-of-plane fiber waviness, also referred to as wrinkling, is considered one of the most significant effects that occur in composite materials. It significantly affects mechanical properties, such as stiffness, strength and fatigue and; therefore, dramatically reduces the load-carrying capacity of...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-09-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Composites Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/4/3/130 |
| _version_ | 1797416738873147392 |
|---|---|
| author | Michael Thor Markus G. R. Sause Roland M. Hinterhölzl |
| author_facet | Michael Thor Markus G. R. Sause Roland M. Hinterhölzl |
| author_sort | Michael Thor |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Out-of-plane fiber waviness, also referred to as wrinkling, is considered one of the most significant effects that occur in composite materials. It significantly affects mechanical properties, such as stiffness, strength and fatigue and; therefore, dramatically reduces the load-carrying capacity of the material. Fiber waviness is inherent to various manufacturing processes of fiber-reinforced composite parts. They cannot be completely avoided and thus have to be tolerated and considered as an integral part of the structure. Because of this influenceable but in many cases unavoidable nature of fiber waviness, it might be more appropriate to consider fiber waviness as effects or features rather than defects. Hence, it is important to understand the impact of different process parameters on the formation of fiber waviness in order to reduce or, in the best case, completely avoid them as early as possible in the product and process development phases. Mostly depending on the chosen geometry of the part and the specific manufacturing process used, different types of fiber waviness result. In this study, various types of waviness are investigated and a classification scheme is developed for categorization purposes. Numerous mechanisms of wrinkling were analyzed, leading to several recommendations to prevent wrinkle formation, not only during composite processing, but also at an earlier design stage, where generally several influence factors are defined. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:08:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-89d2c78901df409b85f0aef8753844b7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-477X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T06:08:28Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Composites Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-89d2c78901df409b85f0aef8753844b72023-12-03T12:01:46ZengMDPI AGJournal of Composites Science2504-477X2020-09-014313010.3390/jcs4030130Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A ReviewMichael Thor0Markus G. R. Sause1Roland M. Hinterhölzl2Research Group of Lightweight Design and Composite Materials, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, AustriaInstitute of Materials Resource Management, University of Augsburg, Universitaetsstraße 1 Nord, 86159 Augsburg, GermanyResearch Group of Lightweight Design and Composite Materials, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, AustriaOut-of-plane fiber waviness, also referred to as wrinkling, is considered one of the most significant effects that occur in composite materials. It significantly affects mechanical properties, such as stiffness, strength and fatigue and; therefore, dramatically reduces the load-carrying capacity of the material. Fiber waviness is inherent to various manufacturing processes of fiber-reinforced composite parts. They cannot be completely avoided and thus have to be tolerated and considered as an integral part of the structure. Because of this influenceable but in many cases unavoidable nature of fiber waviness, it might be more appropriate to consider fiber waviness as effects or features rather than defects. Hence, it is important to understand the impact of different process parameters on the formation of fiber waviness in order to reduce or, in the best case, completely avoid them as early as possible in the product and process development phases. Mostly depending on the chosen geometry of the part and the specific manufacturing process used, different types of fiber waviness result. In this study, various types of waviness are investigated and a classification scheme is developed for categorization purposes. Numerous mechanisms of wrinkling were analyzed, leading to several recommendations to prevent wrinkle formation, not only during composite processing, but also at an earlier design stage, where generally several influence factors are defined.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/4/3/130reviewcomposite materialsmanufacturing effectsfiber wavinesswrinkling |
| spellingShingle | Michael Thor Markus G. R. Sause Roland M. Hinterhölzl Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review Journal of Composites Science review composite materials manufacturing effects fiber waviness wrinkling |
| title | Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review |
| title_full | Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review |
| title_short | Mechanisms of Origin and Classification of Out-of-Plane Fiber Waviness in Composite Materials—A Review |
| title_sort | mechanisms of origin and classification of out of plane fiber waviness in composite materials a review |
| topic | review composite materials manufacturing effects fiber waviness wrinkling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/4/3/130 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT michaelthor mechanismsoforiginandclassificationofoutofplanefiberwavinessincompositematerialsareview AT markusgrsause mechanismsoforiginandclassificationofoutofplanefiberwavinessincompositematerialsareview AT rolandmhinterholzl mechanismsoforiginandclassificationofoutofplanefiberwavinessincompositematerialsareview |