Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016

IntroductionThe mortality data in South Africa (SA) have not been widely used to estimate the patterns of deaths attributed to cancer over a spectrum of relevant subgroups. There is no research in SA providing patterns and atlases of cancer deaths in age and sex groups per district per year. This st...

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Main Authors: Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko, Ijeoma Edoka, Eustasius Musenge
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Epidemiology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fepid.2023.1094271/full
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author Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko
Ijeoma Edoka
Ijeoma Edoka
Eustasius Musenge
author_facet Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko
Ijeoma Edoka
Ijeoma Edoka
Eustasius Musenge
author_sort Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionThe mortality data in South Africa (SA) have not been widely used to estimate the patterns of deaths attributed to cancer over a spectrum of relevant subgroups. There is no research in SA providing patterns and atlases of cancer deaths in age and sex groups per district per year. This study presents age-sex-specific geographical patterns of cancer mortality at the district level in SA and their temporal evolutions from 1997 to 2016.MethodsIndividual mortality level data provided by Statistics South Africa were grouped by three age groups (0–14, 15–64, and 65+), sex (male and female), and aggregated at each of the 52 districts. The proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) for cancer were calculated per 100 residents. The atlases showing the distribution of cancer mortality were plotted using ArcGIS. Spatial analyses were conducted through Moran's I test.ResultsThere was an increase in PMRs for cancer in the age groups 15–64 and 65+ years from 2006 to 2016. Ranges were 2.83 (95% CI: 2.77–2.89) −4.16 (95% CI: 4.08–4.24) among men aged 15–64 years and 2.99 (95% CI: 2.93–3.06) −5.19 (95% CI: 5.09–5.28) among women in this age group. The PMRs in men and women aged 65+ years were 2.47 (95% CI: 2.42–2.53) −4.06 (95% CI: 3.98–4.14), and 2.33 (95% CI: 2.27–2.38) −4.19 (95% CI: 4.11–4.28). There were considerable geographical variations and similarities in the patterns of cancer mortality. For the age group 15–64 years, the ranges were 1.18 (95% CI: 0.78–1.71) −8.71 (95% CI: 7.18–10.47), p < 0.0001 in men and 1.35 (95% CI: 0.92–1.92) −10.83 (95% CI: 8.84–13.14), p < 0.0001 in women in 2016. There were higher PMRs among women in the Western Cape, Northern Cape, North West, and Gauteng compared to other areas. Similar patterns were also observed among men in these provinces, except in North West and Gauteng.ConclusionThe identification of geographical and temporal distributions of cancer mortality provided evidence of periods and districts with similar and divergent patterns. This will contribute to understanding the past, present, future trends and formulating interventions at a local level.
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spelling doaj.art-89d8c79e5f26442d834cc6f403c5ef672024-08-03T03:57:34ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Epidemiology2674-11992023-06-01310.3389/fepid.2023.10942711094271Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko0Ijeoma Edoka1Ijeoma Edoka2Eustasius Musenge3Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaHealth Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaSchool of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaDivision of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaIntroductionThe mortality data in South Africa (SA) have not been widely used to estimate the patterns of deaths attributed to cancer over a spectrum of relevant subgroups. There is no research in SA providing patterns and atlases of cancer deaths in age and sex groups per district per year. This study presents age-sex-specific geographical patterns of cancer mortality at the district level in SA and their temporal evolutions from 1997 to 2016.MethodsIndividual mortality level data provided by Statistics South Africa were grouped by three age groups (0–14, 15–64, and 65+), sex (male and female), and aggregated at each of the 52 districts. The proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs) for cancer were calculated per 100 residents. The atlases showing the distribution of cancer mortality were plotted using ArcGIS. Spatial analyses were conducted through Moran's I test.ResultsThere was an increase in PMRs for cancer in the age groups 15–64 and 65+ years from 2006 to 2016. Ranges were 2.83 (95% CI: 2.77–2.89) −4.16 (95% CI: 4.08–4.24) among men aged 15–64 years and 2.99 (95% CI: 2.93–3.06) −5.19 (95% CI: 5.09–5.28) among women in this age group. The PMRs in men and women aged 65+ years were 2.47 (95% CI: 2.42–2.53) −4.06 (95% CI: 3.98–4.14), and 2.33 (95% CI: 2.27–2.38) −4.19 (95% CI: 4.11–4.28). There were considerable geographical variations and similarities in the patterns of cancer mortality. For the age group 15–64 years, the ranges were 1.18 (95% CI: 0.78–1.71) −8.71 (95% CI: 7.18–10.47), p < 0.0001 in men and 1.35 (95% CI: 0.92–1.92) −10.83 (95% CI: 8.84–13.14), p < 0.0001 in women in 2016. There were higher PMRs among women in the Western Cape, Northern Cape, North West, and Gauteng compared to other areas. Similar patterns were also observed among men in these provinces, except in North West and Gauteng.ConclusionThe identification of geographical and temporal distributions of cancer mortality provided evidence of periods and districts with similar and divergent patterns. This will contribute to understanding the past, present, future trends and formulating interventions at a local level.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fepid.2023.1094271/fullcancermortality distributionproportionate mortality ratioscauses of deathAfrica
spellingShingle Mandlakayise Lucky Nhleko
Ijeoma Edoka
Ijeoma Edoka
Eustasius Musenge
Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
Frontiers in Epidemiology
cancer
mortality distribution
proportionate mortality ratios
causes of death
Africa
title Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
title_full Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
title_fullStr Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
title_full_unstemmed Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
title_short Cancer mortality distribution in South Africa, 1997–2016
title_sort cancer mortality distribution in south africa 1997 2016
topic cancer
mortality distribution
proportionate mortality ratios
causes of death
Africa
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fepid.2023.1094271/full
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AT ijeomaedoka cancermortalitydistributioninsouthafrica19972016
AT ijeomaedoka cancermortalitydistributioninsouthafrica19972016
AT eustasiusmusenge cancermortalitydistributioninsouthafrica19972016