Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation

Background: The aim of study was to assess hemodynamic changes during the simultaneous activation of muscle metaboreflex (MM) and diving reflex (DR) in a laboratory setting. We hypothesized that as long as the exercise intensity is mild DR can overwhelm the MM.Methods: Ten trained divers underwent a...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Annalisa Di Giacomo, Giovanna Maria Ghiani, Francesco Todde, Filippo Tocco
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-10-01
Series:Frontiers in Physiology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.730983/full
_version_ 1818580282353123328
author Annalisa Di Giacomo
Giovanna Maria Ghiani
Francesco Todde
Filippo Tocco
author_facet Annalisa Di Giacomo
Giovanna Maria Ghiani
Francesco Todde
Filippo Tocco
author_sort Annalisa Di Giacomo
collection DOAJ
description Background: The aim of study was to assess hemodynamic changes during the simultaneous activation of muscle metaboreflex (MM) and diving reflex (DR) in a laboratory setting. We hypothesized that as long as the exercise intensity is mild DR can overwhelm the MM.Methods: Ten trained divers underwent all four phases (randomly assigned) of the following protocol. (A) Postexercise muscle ischemia session (PEMI): 3 min of resting followed by 3 min of handgrip at 30% of maximum force, followed immediately by 3 min of PEMI on the same arm induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer. Three minutes of recovery was further allowed after the cuff was deflated for a total of 6 min of recovery. (B) Control exercise recovery session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 6 min of recovery without inflation. (C) DR session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 1 min of breath-hold (BH) with face immersion in cold water. (D) PEMI-DR session: the same protocol used for A with 60 s of BH with face immersion in cold water during the first minute of PEMI. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were collected by means of an impedance method.Results: At the end of apnea, HR was decreased in condition C and D with respect to A (−40.8 and −40.3%, respectively vs. −9.1%; p < 0.05). Since SV increase was less pronounced at the same time point (C = +32.4 and D = +21.7% vs. A = +6.0; p < 0.05), CO significantly decreased during C and D with respect to A (−23 and −29.0 vs. −1.4%, respectively; p < 0.05).Conclusion: Results addressed the hypothesis that DR overcame the MM in our setting.
first_indexed 2024-12-16T07:15:07Z
format Article
id doaj.art-89f986eeffc34a79808cbdf58009b2a9
institution Directory Open Access Journal
issn 1664-042X
language English
last_indexed 2024-12-16T07:15:07Z
publishDate 2021-10-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Physiology
spelling doaj.art-89f986eeffc34a79808cbdf58009b2a92022-12-21T22:39:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2021-10-011210.3389/fphys.2021.730983730983Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex ActivationAnnalisa Di GiacomoGiovanna Maria GhianiFrancesco ToddeFilippo ToccoBackground: The aim of study was to assess hemodynamic changes during the simultaneous activation of muscle metaboreflex (MM) and diving reflex (DR) in a laboratory setting. We hypothesized that as long as the exercise intensity is mild DR can overwhelm the MM.Methods: Ten trained divers underwent all four phases (randomly assigned) of the following protocol. (A) Postexercise muscle ischemia session (PEMI): 3 min of resting followed by 3 min of handgrip at 30% of maximum force, followed immediately by 3 min of PEMI on the same arm induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer. Three minutes of recovery was further allowed after the cuff was deflated for a total of 6 min of recovery. (B) Control exercise recovery session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 6 min of recovery without inflation. (C) DR session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 1 min of breath-hold (BH) with face immersion in cold water. (D) PEMI-DR session: the same protocol used for A with 60 s of BH with face immersion in cold water during the first minute of PEMI. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were collected by means of an impedance method.Results: At the end of apnea, HR was decreased in condition C and D with respect to A (−40.8 and −40.3%, respectively vs. −9.1%; p < 0.05). Since SV increase was less pronounced at the same time point (C = +32.4 and D = +21.7% vs. A = +6.0; p < 0.05), CO significantly decreased during C and D with respect to A (−23 and −29.0 vs. −1.4%, respectively; p < 0.05).Conclusion: Results addressed the hypothesis that DR overcame the MM in our setting.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.730983/fulldiving reflexmetaboreflexheart ratestroke volumeface immersion
spellingShingle Annalisa Di Giacomo
Giovanna Maria Ghiani
Francesco Todde
Filippo Tocco
Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
Frontiers in Physiology
diving reflex
metaboreflex
heart rate
stroke volume
face immersion
title Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
title_full Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
title_fullStr Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
title_full_unstemmed Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
title_short Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
title_sort cardiovascular responses to simultaneous diving and muscle metaboreflex activation
topic diving reflex
metaboreflex
heart rate
stroke volume
face immersion
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.730983/full
work_keys_str_mv AT annalisadigiacomo cardiovascularresponsestosimultaneousdivingandmusclemetaboreflexactivation
AT giovannamariaghiani cardiovascularresponsestosimultaneousdivingandmusclemetaboreflexactivation
AT francescotodde cardiovascularresponsestosimultaneousdivingandmusclemetaboreflexactivation
AT filippotocco cardiovascularresponsestosimultaneousdivingandmusclemetaboreflexactivation