Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis
<i>Candida</i> species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. glabrata, C. krus...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/718 |
| _version_ | 1797490682441498624 |
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| author | Natalia Barantsevich Elena Barantsevich |
| author_facet | Natalia Barantsevich Elena Barantsevich |
| author_sort | Natalia Barantsevich |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Candida</i> species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis</i>, and <i>C. parapsilosis</i>. The most frequently diagnosed invasive infection is candidemia. About 50% of candidemia cases result in deep-seated infection due to hematogenous spread. The sensitivity of blood cultures in autopsy-proven invasive candidiasis ranges from 21% to 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan in combination with procalcitonin, appear promising in the exclusion of invasive candidiasis with high sensitivity (98%) and negative predictive value (95%). There is currently a clear deficiency in approved sensitive and precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development and study. Therapeutic options for invasive candidiasis are generally limited to four classes of systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) with the two latter being highly effective and well-tolerated and hence the most widely used. Principles and methods of treatment are discussed in this review. The emergence of pan-drug-resistant <i>C. auris</i> strains indicates an insufficient choice of available medications. Further surveillance, alongside the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, is essential. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:36:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8a0ab400361f464a85d231838d117ce3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:36:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a0ab400361f464a85d231838d117ce32023-11-23T15:16:06ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822022-05-0111671810.3390/antibiotics11060718Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive CandidiasisNatalia Barantsevich0Elena Barantsevich1Almazov National Madical Research Centre, Research Department of Microbiology and Nosocomial Indfections, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, RussiaAlmazov National Madical Research Centre, Research Department of Microbiology and Nosocomial Indfections, Akkuratova, 2, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia<i>Candida</i> species, belonging to commensal microbial communities in humans, cause opportunistic infections in individuals with impaired immunity. Pathogens encountered in more than 90% cases of invasive candidiasis include <i>C. albicans</i>, <i>C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis</i>, and <i>C. parapsilosis</i>. The most frequently diagnosed invasive infection is candidemia. About 50% of candidemia cases result in deep-seated infection due to hematogenous spread. The sensitivity of blood cultures in autopsy-proven invasive candidiasis ranges from 21% to 71%. Non-cultural methods (beta-D-glucan, T2Candida assays), especially beta-D-glucan in combination with procalcitonin, appear promising in the exclusion of invasive candidiasis with high sensitivity (98%) and negative predictive value (95%). There is currently a clear deficiency in approved sensitive and precise diagnostic techniques. Omics technologies seem promising, though require further development and study. Therapeutic options for invasive candidiasis are generally limited to four classes of systemic antifungals (polyenes, antimetabolite 5-fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins) with the two latter being highly effective and well-tolerated and hence the most widely used. Principles and methods of treatment are discussed in this review. The emergence of pan-drug-resistant <i>C. auris</i> strains indicates an insufficient choice of available medications. Further surveillance, alongside the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, is essential.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/718<i>Candida</i>diagnostic testsbeta-D-glucanT2Candidamannanprocalcitonin |
| spellingShingle | Natalia Barantsevich Elena Barantsevich Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis Antibiotics <i>Candida</i> diagnostic tests beta-D-glucan T2Candida mannan procalcitonin |
| title | Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_full | Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_fullStr | Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_short | Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis |
| title_sort | diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis |
| topic | <i>Candida</i> diagnostic tests beta-D-glucan T2Candida mannan procalcitonin |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/6/718 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nataliabarantsevich diagnosisandtreatmentofinvasivecandidiasis AT elenabarantsevich diagnosisandtreatmentofinvasivecandidiasis |