Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/221 |
| _version_ | 1798041277519888384 |
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| author | Giovanni Franzo Susanna Tinello Laura Grassi Claudia Maria Tucciarone Matteo Legnardi Mattia Cecchinato Giorgia Dotto Alessandra Mondin Marco Martini Daniela Pasotto Maria Luisa Menandro Michele Drigo |
| author_facet | Giovanni Franzo Susanna Tinello Laura Grassi Claudia Maria Tucciarone Matteo Legnardi Mattia Cecchinato Giorgia Dotto Alessandra Mondin Marco Martini Daniela Pasotto Maria Luisa Menandro Michele Drigo |
| author_sort | Giovanni Franzo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013−2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:19:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8a4cda31bdc3449cb326b38626212439 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T22:19:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a4cda31bdc3449cb326b386262124392022-12-22T04:00:15ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172020-03-019322110.3390/pathogens9030221pathogens9030221Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign CountriesGiovanni Franzo0Susanna Tinello1Laura Grassi2Claudia Maria Tucciarone3Matteo Legnardi4Mattia Cecchinato5Giorgia Dotto6Alessandra Mondin7Marco Martini8Daniela Pasotto9Maria Luisa Menandro10Michele Drigo11Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyDepartment of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, PD, ItalyPorcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the most impactful and widespread pathogens of the modern swine industry. Unlike other DNA viruses, PCV-2 is featured by a remarkable genetic variability, which has led to the emergence and recognition of different genotypes, some of which (PCV-2a, 2b, and 2d) have alternated over time. Currently, PCV-2d is considered the most prevalent genotype, and some evidence of differential virulence and vaccine efficacy have been reported. Despite the potential practical relevance, the data on PCV-2 epidemiology in Italy are quite outdated and do not quantify the actual circulation of this genotype in Italy. In the present study, 82 complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from domestic pigs and wild boars sampled in Northern Italy in the period 2013−2018 and merged with those previously obtained from Italy and other countries. A combination of phylogenetic, haplotype network, and phylodynamic analyses were used to genotype the collected strains and evaluate the temporal trend and the spatial and host spread dynamics. A rising number of PCV-2d detections was observed in domestic pigs, particularly since 2013, reaching a detection frequency comparable to PCV-2b. A similar picture was observed in wild boars, although a lower sequence number was available. Overall, the present study demonstrates the extreme complexity of PCV-2 molecular epidemiology in Italy, the significant spread across different regions, the recurrent introduction from foreign countries, and the frequent occurrence of recombination events. Although a higher viral flux occurred from domestic to wild populations than vice versa, wild boars seem to maintain PCV-2 infection and spread it over relatively long distances.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/221pcv-2italygenotypingdomestic pigwild boarsmolecular epidemiology |
| spellingShingle | Giovanni Franzo Susanna Tinello Laura Grassi Claudia Maria Tucciarone Matteo Legnardi Mattia Cecchinato Giorgia Dotto Alessandra Mondin Marco Martini Daniela Pasotto Maria Luisa Menandro Michele Drigo Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries Pathogens pcv-2 italy genotyping domestic pig wild boars molecular epidemiology |
| title | Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries |
| title_full | Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries |
| title_fullStr | Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries |
| title_short | Free to Circulate: An Update on the Epidemiological Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) in Italy Reveals the Role of Local Spreading, Wild Populations, and Foreign Countries |
| title_sort | free to circulate an update on the epidemiological dynamics of porcine circovirus 2 pcv 2 in italy reveals the role of local spreading wild populations and foreign countries |
| topic | pcv-2 italy genotyping domestic pig wild boars molecular epidemiology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/221 |
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