Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors
COVID-19 impacted the childbirth experience and increased the rates of postpartum depression (PPD). We assessed the longitudinal effects of the pandemic on the rates of PPD and evaluated the PPD causes and symptoms among women who delivered during the first COVID-19 quarantine in Israel. The partici...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3488 |
| _version_ | 1797485970181849088 |
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| author | Hadar Gluska Noga Shiffman Yael Mayer Shiri Margalit Rawan Daher Lior Elyasyan Maya Sharon Weiner Hadas Miremberg Michal Kovo Tal Biron-Shental Liat Helpman Rinat Gabbay-Benziv |
| author_facet | Hadar Gluska Noga Shiffman Yael Mayer Shiri Margalit Rawan Daher Lior Elyasyan Maya Sharon Weiner Hadas Miremberg Michal Kovo Tal Biron-Shental Liat Helpman Rinat Gabbay-Benziv |
| author_sort | Hadar Gluska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | COVID-19 impacted the childbirth experience and increased the rates of postpartum depression (PPD). We assessed the longitudinal effects of the pandemic on the rates of PPD and evaluated the PPD causes and symptoms among women who delivered during the first COVID-19 quarantine in Israel. The participants completed online questionnaires 3 (T1) and 6 months (T2) following delivery. We used the ‘COVID-19 exposure’ questionnaire, while PPD symptoms, situational anxiety, and social support were evaluated with the EPDS, STAI, and MSPSS questionnaires. The mean EPDS scores increased between T1 and T2 (6.31 ± 5.6 vs. 6.92 ± 5.9, mean difference −0.64 ± 4.59 (95% CI (−1.21)–(−0.06)); t (244) = −2.17, <i>p</i> = 0.031), and the STAI scores decreased (45.35 ± 16.4 vs. 41.47 ± 14.0, t(234) = 4.39, <i>p</i> = 0.000). Despite the exposure to an increased number of COVID-19 events (3.63 ± 1.8 vs. (6.34 ± 2.3)), the impact of exposure decreased between T1 and T2 (8.91 ± 4.6 vs. 7.47 ± 4.1), <i>p</i> < 0.001). In the MSPSS, significant differences were noted on the family scale between the T1 (6.10 ± 1.3) and T2 (5.91 ± 1.4) scores; t (216) = 2.68, <i>p</i> = 0.0008. A regression analysis showed three statistically significant variables that correlated with increased EPDS scores: the MSPSS family subscale (F (1212.00) = 4.308, <i>p</i> = 0.039), the STAI scores (F (1212.00) = 31.988, <i>p</i> = 0.000), and the impact of exposure to COVID-19 (F (1212.00) = 5.038, <i>p</i> = 0.026). The rates of PPD increased for women who delivered during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Further research is warranted to help reduce PPD among these women. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:26:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8a52157f7616481a9e47f999765e9b6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:26:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a52157f7616481a9e47f999765e9b6a2023-11-23T17:16:52ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-06-011112348810.3390/jcm11123488Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective FactorsHadar Gluska0Noga Shiffman1Yael Mayer2Shiri Margalit3Rawan Daher4Lior Elyasyan5Maya Sharon Weiner6Hadas Miremberg7Michal Kovo8Tal Biron-Shental9Liat Helpman10Rinat Gabbay-Benziv11Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, IsraelDepartment of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa 3525408, IsraelDepartment of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, IsraelSackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, IsraelThe Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelThe Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelObstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, IsraelSackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, IsraelObstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, IsraelObstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba 4428164, IsraelDepartment of Counseling and Human Development, Faculty of Education, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, IsraelThe Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, IsraelCOVID-19 impacted the childbirth experience and increased the rates of postpartum depression (PPD). We assessed the longitudinal effects of the pandemic on the rates of PPD and evaluated the PPD causes and symptoms among women who delivered during the first COVID-19 quarantine in Israel. The participants completed online questionnaires 3 (T1) and 6 months (T2) following delivery. We used the ‘COVID-19 exposure’ questionnaire, while PPD symptoms, situational anxiety, and social support were evaluated with the EPDS, STAI, and MSPSS questionnaires. The mean EPDS scores increased between T1 and T2 (6.31 ± 5.6 vs. 6.92 ± 5.9, mean difference −0.64 ± 4.59 (95% CI (−1.21)–(−0.06)); t (244) = −2.17, <i>p</i> = 0.031), and the STAI scores decreased (45.35 ± 16.4 vs. 41.47 ± 14.0, t(234) = 4.39, <i>p</i> = 0.000). Despite the exposure to an increased number of COVID-19 events (3.63 ± 1.8 vs. (6.34 ± 2.3)), the impact of exposure decreased between T1 and T2 (8.91 ± 4.6 vs. 7.47 ± 4.1), <i>p</i> < 0.001). In the MSPSS, significant differences were noted on the family scale between the T1 (6.10 ± 1.3) and T2 (5.91 ± 1.4) scores; t (216) = 2.68, <i>p</i> = 0.0008. A regression analysis showed three statistically significant variables that correlated with increased EPDS scores: the MSPSS family subscale (F (1212.00) = 4.308, <i>p</i> = 0.039), the STAI scores (F (1212.00) = 31.988, <i>p</i> = 0.000), and the impact of exposure to COVID-19 (F (1212.00) = 5.038, <i>p</i> = 0.026). The rates of PPD increased for women who delivered during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Further research is warranted to help reduce PPD among these women.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3488post-partum depressionCOVID-19birthEPDS |
| spellingShingle | Hadar Gluska Noga Shiffman Yael Mayer Shiri Margalit Rawan Daher Lior Elyasyan Maya Sharon Weiner Hadas Miremberg Michal Kovo Tal Biron-Shental Liat Helpman Rinat Gabbay-Benziv Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors Journal of Clinical Medicine post-partum depression COVID-19 birth EPDS |
| title | Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors |
| title_full | Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors |
| title_fullStr | Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors |
| title_full_unstemmed | Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors |
| title_short | Postpartum Depression in COVID-19 Days: Longitudinal Study of Risk and Protective Factors |
| title_sort | postpartum depression in covid 19 days longitudinal study of risk and protective factors |
| topic | post-partum depression COVID-19 birth EPDS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/12/3488 |
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