Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder which affects the joints in the wrists, fingers, and knees. RA is often associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-like symptoms. This paper examines the association between dep...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Personalized Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/3/476 |
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| author | Hasan Najah Smesam Hasan Abbas Qazmooz Sinan Qayes Khayoon Abbas F. Almulla Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim Michael Maes |
| author_facet | Hasan Najah Smesam Hasan Abbas Qazmooz Sinan Qayes Khayoon Abbas F. Almulla Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim Michael Maes |
| author_sort | Hasan Najah Smesam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder which affects the joints in the wrists, fingers, and knees. RA is often associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-like symptoms. This paper examines the association between depressive symptoms (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI), anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA), CFS-like (Fibro-fatigue Scale) symptoms and immune–inflammatory, autoimmune, and endogenous opioid system (EOS) markers, and lactosylcer-amide (CD17) in RA. The serum biomarkers were assayed in 118 RA and 50 healthy controls. Results were analyzed using the new precision nomothetic psychiatry approach. We found significant correlations between the BDI, FF, and HAMA scores and severity of RA, as assessed with the DAS28-4, clinical and disease activity indices, the number of tender and swollen joints, and patient and evaluator global assessment scores. Partial least squares analysis showed that 69.7% of the variance in this common core underpinning psychopathology and RA symptoms was explained by immune–inflammatory pathways, rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, CD17, and mu-opioid receptor levels. We constructed a new endophenotype class comprising patients with very high immune–inflammatory markers, CD17, RA, affective and CF-like symptoms, and tobacco use disorder. We extracted a reliable and replicable latent vector (pathway phenotype) from immune data, psychopathology, and RA-severity scales. Depression, anxiety, and CFS-like symptoms due to RA are manifestations of the phenome of RA and are mediated by the effects of the same immune–inflammatory, autoimmune, and other pathways that underpin the pathophysiology of RA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:39:28Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:39:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Journal of Personalized Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a6b7ad97c9a4a93a9ad70591e4c89062023-11-30T21:09:00ZengMDPI AGJournal of Personalized Medicine2075-44262022-03-0112347610.3390/jpm12030476Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry AnalysisHasan Najah Smesam0Hasan Abbas Qazmooz1Sinan Qayes Khayoon2Abbas F. Almulla3Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim4Michael Maes5Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, IraqDepartment of Ecology, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, IraqDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, IraqMedical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, IraqDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa 540011, IraqDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorder which affects the joints in the wrists, fingers, and knees. RA is often associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)-like symptoms. This paper examines the association between depressive symptoms (measured with the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI), anxiety (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HAMA), CFS-like (Fibro-fatigue Scale) symptoms and immune–inflammatory, autoimmune, and endogenous opioid system (EOS) markers, and lactosylcer-amide (CD17) in RA. The serum biomarkers were assayed in 118 RA and 50 healthy controls. Results were analyzed using the new precision nomothetic psychiatry approach. We found significant correlations between the BDI, FF, and HAMA scores and severity of RA, as assessed with the DAS28-4, clinical and disease activity indices, the number of tender and swollen joints, and patient and evaluator global assessment scores. Partial least squares analysis showed that 69.7% of the variance in this common core underpinning psychopathology and RA symptoms was explained by immune–inflammatory pathways, rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, CD17, and mu-opioid receptor levels. We constructed a new endophenotype class comprising patients with very high immune–inflammatory markers, CD17, RA, affective and CF-like symptoms, and tobacco use disorder. We extracted a reliable and replicable latent vector (pathway phenotype) from immune data, psychopathology, and RA-severity scales. Depression, anxiety, and CFS-like symptoms due to RA are manifestations of the phenome of RA and are mediated by the effects of the same immune–inflammatory, autoimmune, and other pathways that underpin the pathophysiology of RA.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/3/476precision nomothetic psychiatryinflammationneuro-immunedepressionchronic fatigue syndromeanxiety |
| spellingShingle | Hasan Najah Smesam Hasan Abbas Qazmooz Sinan Qayes Khayoon Abbas F. Almulla Hussein Kadhem Al-Hakeim Michael Maes Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis Journal of Personalized Medicine precision nomothetic psychiatry inflammation neuro-immune depression chronic fatigue syndrome anxiety |
| title | Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis |
| title_full | Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis |
| title_short | Pathway Phenotypes Underpinning Depression, Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue Symptoms Due to Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Precision Nomothetic Psychiatry Analysis |
| title_sort | pathway phenotypes underpinning depression anxiety and chronic fatigue symptoms due to acute rheumatoid arthritis a precision nomothetic psychiatry analysis |
| topic | precision nomothetic psychiatry inflammation neuro-immune depression chronic fatigue syndrome anxiety |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/3/476 |
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