Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that have a similar fashion of transmission via sharp objects contaminated by viruses, transplant surgery, transfusion, and sexual relations. Simultaneous infections with HTLV-I and HIV-1...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | Mathematics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/3/592 |
| _version_ | 1797623914180902912 |
|---|---|
| author | A. M. Elaiw N. H. AlShamrani E. Dahy A. A. Abdellatif Aeshah A. Raezah |
| author_facet | A. M. Elaiw N. H. AlShamrani E. Dahy A. A. Abdellatif Aeshah A. Raezah |
| author_sort | A. M. Elaiw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that have a similar fashion of transmission via sharp objects contaminated by viruses, transplant surgery, transfusion, and sexual relations. Simultaneous infections with HTLV-I and HIV-1 usually occur in areas where both viruses have become endemic. CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells are the main targets of HTLV-I, while HIV-1 can infect CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages. It is the aim of this study to develop a model of HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection that describes the interactions of nine compartments: susceptible cells of both CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages, HIV-1-infected cells that are latent/active in both CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages, HTLV-I-infected CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells that are latent/active, and free HIV-1 particles. The well-posedness, existence of equilibria, and global stability analysis of our model are investigated. The Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle were used to study the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria. The theoretically predicted outcomes were verified by utilizing numerical simulations. The effect of including the macrophages and latent reservoirs in the HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection model is discussed. We show that the presence of macrophages makes a coinfection model more realistic when the case of the coexistence of HIV-1 and HTLV-I is established. Moreover, we have shown that neglecting the latent reservoirs in HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection modeling will lead to the design of an overflow of anti-HIV-1 drugs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:35:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8a763359190b4777bc5cde3012c3d57b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:35:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a763359190b4777bc5cde3012c3d57b2023-11-16T17:21:48ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902023-01-0111359210.3390/math11030592Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 CoinfectionA. M. Elaiw0N. H. AlShamrani1E. Dahy2A. A. Abdellatif3Aeshah A. Raezah4Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71511, EgyptDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71511, EgyptDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi ArabiaHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that have a similar fashion of transmission via sharp objects contaminated by viruses, transplant surgery, transfusion, and sexual relations. Simultaneous infections with HTLV-I and HIV-1 usually occur in areas where both viruses have become endemic. CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells are the main targets of HTLV-I, while HIV-1 can infect CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages. It is the aim of this study to develop a model of HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection that describes the interactions of nine compartments: susceptible cells of both CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages, HIV-1-infected cells that are latent/active in both CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells and macrophages, HTLV-I-infected CD<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>T cells that are latent/active, and free HIV-1 particles. The well-posedness, existence of equilibria, and global stability analysis of our model are investigated. The Lyapunov function and LaSalle’s invariance principle were used to study the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria. The theoretically predicted outcomes were verified by utilizing numerical simulations. The effect of including the macrophages and latent reservoirs in the HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection model is discussed. We show that the presence of macrophages makes a coinfection model more realistic when the case of the coexistence of HIV-1 and HTLV-I is established. Moreover, we have shown that neglecting the latent reservoirs in HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection modeling will lead to the design of an overflow of anti-HIV-1 drugs.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/3/592HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfectionCD4+T cellsmacrophagesglobal stabilityLyapunov function |
| spellingShingle | A. M. Elaiw N. H. AlShamrani E. Dahy A. A. Abdellatif Aeshah A. Raezah Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection Mathematics HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection CD4+T cells macrophages global stability Lyapunov function |
| title | Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection |
| title_full | Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection |
| title_short | Effect of Macrophages and Latent Reservoirs on the Dynamics of HTLV-I and HIV-1 Coinfection |
| title_sort | effect of macrophages and latent reservoirs on the dynamics of htlv i and hiv 1 coinfection |
| topic | HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection CD4+T cells macrophages global stability Lyapunov function |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/3/592 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT amelaiw effectofmacrophagesandlatentreservoirsonthedynamicsofhtlviandhiv1coinfection AT nhalshamrani effectofmacrophagesandlatentreservoirsonthedynamicsofhtlviandhiv1coinfection AT edahy effectofmacrophagesandlatentreservoirsonthedynamicsofhtlviandhiv1coinfection AT aaabdellatif effectofmacrophagesandlatentreservoirsonthedynamicsofhtlviandhiv1coinfection AT aeshaharaezah effectofmacrophagesandlatentreservoirsonthedynamicsofhtlviandhiv1coinfection |