The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper
The accelerated ageing of wood in terms of heating or iron rusting has a potential effect on the physio-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of wood. The effects of accelerated ageing on the mechanical, physical and fungal activity properties of some wood materials (<i>Schinus terebi...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/20/3483 |
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| author | Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Mohamed Z. M. Salem Yahia G. D. Fares Martin Böhm Mourad F. Mohamed Ramadan A. Nasser Vojtěch Pommer |
| author_facet | Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Mohamed Z. M. Salem Yahia G. D. Fares Martin Böhm Mourad F. Mohamed Ramadan A. Nasser Vojtěch Pommer |
| author_sort | Wael A. A. Abo Elgat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The accelerated ageing of wood in terms of heating or iron rusting has a potential effect on the physio-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of wood. The effects of accelerated ageing on the mechanical, physical and fungal activity properties of some wood materials (<i>Schinus terebinthifolius</i>, <i>Erythrina humeana</i>, <i>Tectona grandis</i>, <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Juglans nigra</i>) were studied after several cycles of heating and iron rusting. The fungal activity was assayed against the growth of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> and <i>Stemphylium solani</i>. In addition, the mechanical and optical properties of paper sheets produced from those wood pulps by means of Kraft cooking were evaluated. The mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species were affected significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by the accelerated ageing, compared to control woods. With Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we detected an increase in the intensity of the spectra of the functional groups of cellulose in the heated samples, which indicates an increase in cellulose content and decrease in lignin content, compared to other chemical compounds. For pulp properties, woods treated by heating showed a decrease in the pulp yield. The highest significant values of tensile strength were observed in pulp paper produced from untreated, heated and iron-rusted <i>P. rigida</i> wood and they were 69.66, 65.66 and 68.33 N·m/g, respectively; we calculated the tear resistance from pulp paper of untreated <i>P. rigida</i> (8.68 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and <i>T. grandis</i> (7.83 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and rusted <i>P. rigida</i> (7.56 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) wood; we obtained the values of the burst strength of the pulp paper of untreated woods of <i>P. rigida</i> (8.19 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and <i>T. grandis</i> (7.49 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g), as well as the fold number of the pulp paper of untreated, heated and rusted woods from <i>P. rigida</i>, with values of 195.66, 186.33 and 185.66, respectively. After 14 days from the incubation, no fungal inhibition zones were observed. Accelerated ageing (heated or iron-rusted) produced significant effects on the mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species and affected the properties of the produced pulp paper. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:15:23Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-8a88dcd264994fcd8599044dbd239d202023-11-22T19:46:26ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602021-10-011320348310.3390/polym13203483The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp PaperWael A. A. Abo Elgat0Ayman S. Taha1Mohamed Z. M. Salem2Yahia G. D. Fares3Martin Böhm4Mourad F. Mohamed5Ramadan A. Nasser6Vojtěch Pommer7Restoration Department, High Institute of Tourism, Hotel Management and Restoration, Abukir, Alexandria 21526, EgyptConservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, EgyptForestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, EgyptGeneral Laboratory and Research, Misr Edfu Pulp Writing and Printing Paper Co. (MEPPCO), Aswan 81656, EgyptDepartment of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicRestoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza 12613, EgyptForestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, EgyptDepartment of Materials Engineering and Chemistry, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech RepublicThe accelerated ageing of wood in terms of heating or iron rusting has a potential effect on the physio-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of wood. The effects of accelerated ageing on the mechanical, physical and fungal activity properties of some wood materials (<i>Schinus terebinthifolius</i>, <i>Erythrina humeana</i>, <i>Tectona grandis</i>, <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Juglans nigra</i>) were studied after several cycles of heating and iron rusting. The fungal activity was assayed against the growth of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i>, <i>Aspergillus niger</i>, <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> and <i>Stemphylium solani</i>. In addition, the mechanical and optical properties of paper sheets produced from those wood pulps by means of Kraft cooking were evaluated. The mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species were affected significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by the accelerated ageing, compared to control woods. With Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we detected an increase in the intensity of the spectra of the functional groups of cellulose in the heated samples, which indicates an increase in cellulose content and decrease in lignin content, compared to other chemical compounds. For pulp properties, woods treated by heating showed a decrease in the pulp yield. The highest significant values of tensile strength were observed in pulp paper produced from untreated, heated and iron-rusted <i>P. rigida</i> wood and they were 69.66, 65.66 and 68.33 N·m/g, respectively; we calculated the tear resistance from pulp paper of untreated <i>P. rigida</i> (8.68 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and <i>T. grandis</i> (7.83 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and rusted <i>P. rigida</i> (7.56 mN·m<sup>2</sup>/g) wood; we obtained the values of the burst strength of the pulp paper of untreated woods of <i>P. rigida</i> (8.19 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g) and <i>T. grandis</i> (7.49 kPa·m<sup>2</sup>/g), as well as the fold number of the pulp paper of untreated, heated and rusted woods from <i>P. rigida</i>, with values of 195.66, 186.33 and 185.66, respectively. After 14 days from the incubation, no fungal inhibition zones were observed. Accelerated ageing (heated or iron-rusted) produced significant effects on the mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species and affected the properties of the produced pulp paper.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/20/3483iron rustmechanical propertieswood pulpFourier transform infrared spectroscopyaccelerated ageing |
| spellingShingle | Wael A. A. Abo Elgat Ayman S. Taha Mohamed Z. M. Salem Yahia G. D. Fares Martin Böhm Mourad F. Mohamed Ramadan A. Nasser Vojtěch Pommer The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper Polymers iron rust mechanical properties wood pulp Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy accelerated ageing |
| title | The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper |
| title_full | The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper |
| title_fullStr | The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper |
| title_short | The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper |
| title_sort | effects of iron rust on the ageing of woods and their derived pulp paper |
| topic | iron rust mechanical properties wood pulp Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy accelerated ageing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/20/3483 |
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