Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean
An antimicrobial consumption (AMC) study was performed in Trinidad and Tobago at the Eastern Regional Health Authority (ERHA). A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted from 1 November 2021 to 30 March 2022. Dosage and package types of amoxicillin, azithromycin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/466 |
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| author | Rajeev P. Nagassar Narin Jalim Arianne Mitchell Ashley Harrinanan Anisa Mohammed Darren K. Dookeeram Danini Marin Lucia Giangreco Paola Lichtenberger Gustavo H. Marin |
| author_facet | Rajeev P. Nagassar Narin Jalim Arianne Mitchell Ashley Harrinanan Anisa Mohammed Darren K. Dookeeram Danini Marin Lucia Giangreco Paola Lichtenberger Gustavo H. Marin |
| author_sort | Rajeev P. Nagassar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An antimicrobial consumption (AMC) study was performed in Trinidad and Tobago at the Eastern Regional Health Authority (ERHA). A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted from 1 November 2021 to 30 March 2022. Dosage and package types of amoxicillin, azithromycin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole were investigated. Consumption was measured using the World Health Organization’s Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption Surveillance System methodology version 1.0, as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 population per day (DID). They were also analyzed using the ‘Access’, ‘Watch’ and ‘Reserve’ classifications. In the ERHA, AMC ranged from 6.9 DID to 4.6 DID. With regards to intravenous formulations, the ‘Watch’ group displayed increased consumption, from 0.160 DID in 2017 to 0.238 DID in 2019, followed by a subsequent drop in consumption with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral co-amoxiclav, oral cefuroxime, oral azithromycin and oral co-trimoxazole were the most highly consumed antibiotics. The hospital started off as the higher consumer of antibiotics, but this changed to the community. The consumption of ‘Watch’ group antibiotics increased from 2017 to 2021, with a drop in consumption of ‘Access’ antibiotics and at the onset of COVID-19. Consumption of oral azithromycin was higher in 2021 than 2020. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:01:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8aa4112432ea431cb82220308743ca11 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:01:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-8aa4112432ea431cb82220308743ca112023-11-17T09:13:24ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-02-0112346610.3390/antibiotics12030466Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking CaribbeanRajeev P. Nagassar0Narin Jalim1Arianne Mitchell2Ashley Harrinanan3Anisa Mohammed4Darren K. Dookeeram5Danini Marin6Lucia Giangreco7Paola Lichtenberger8Gustavo H. Marin9Department of Microbiology, Sangre Grande Hospital, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and TobagoCountry Health Administration, Nariva/Mayaro, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Rio Claro, Trinidad and TobagoPharmacy Department, Sangre Grande Hospital, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and TobagoCountry Health Administration, St Andrews/St David, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and TobagoCountry Health Administration, St Andrews/St David, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and TobagoDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Sangre Grande Hospital, Sangre Grande, The Eastern Regional Health Authority, Sangre Grande, Trinidad and TobagoIndependent Researcher, Belmopan, BelizeCentro Universitario de Farmacología de Argentina (CUFAR), La Plata 1900, ArgentinaDivision of Infectious Disease, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USACentro Universitario de Farmacología de Argentina (CUFAR), La Plata 1900, ArgentinaAn antimicrobial consumption (AMC) study was performed in Trinidad and Tobago at the Eastern Regional Health Authority (ERHA). A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted from 1 November 2021 to 30 March 2022. Dosage and package types of amoxicillin, azithromycin, co-amoxiclav, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole were investigated. Consumption was measured using the World Health Organization’s Antimicrobial Resistance and Consumption Surveillance System methodology version 1.0, as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 population per day (DID). They were also analyzed using the ‘Access’, ‘Watch’ and ‘Reserve’ classifications. In the ERHA, AMC ranged from 6.9 DID to 4.6 DID. With regards to intravenous formulations, the ‘Watch’ group displayed increased consumption, from 0.160 DID in 2017 to 0.238 DID in 2019, followed by a subsequent drop in consumption with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral co-amoxiclav, oral cefuroxime, oral azithromycin and oral co-trimoxazole were the most highly consumed antibiotics. The hospital started off as the higher consumer of antibiotics, but this changed to the community. The consumption of ‘Watch’ group antibiotics increased from 2017 to 2021, with a drop in consumption of ‘Access’ antibiotics and at the onset of COVID-19. Consumption of oral azithromycin was higher in 2021 than 2020.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/466antibiotic consumptionTrinidad and TobagoantibioticsCOVID-19pandemicATC classification |
| spellingShingle | Rajeev P. Nagassar Narin Jalim Arianne Mitchell Ashley Harrinanan Anisa Mohammed Darren K. Dookeeram Danini Marin Lucia Giangreco Paola Lichtenberger Gustavo H. Marin Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean Antibiotics antibiotic consumption Trinidad and Tobago antibiotics COVID-19 pandemic ATC classification |
| title | Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean |
| title_full | Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean |
| title_short | Antimicrobial Consumption from 2017 to 2021 in East Trinidad and Tobago: A Study in the English-Speaking Caribbean |
| title_sort | antimicrobial consumption from 2017 to 2021 in east trinidad and tobago a study in the english speaking caribbean |
| topic | antibiotic consumption Trinidad and Tobago antibiotics COVID-19 pandemic ATC classification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/3/466 |
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