Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials
In this study, a finite element analysis is employed to numerically investigate the thermal behavior of a battery pack comprising cylindrical lithium-ion cells. The system incorporates air cooling with phase change material (PCM) surrounding the batteries and nanofluid (NFD) circulating within the P...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Energy Research |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1329392/full |
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| author | Jawed Mustafa Jawed Mustafa Saeed Alqaed Saeed Alqaed S. Mohammad Sajadi Hikmet Ş. Aybar Hikmet Ş. Aybar |
| author_facet | Jawed Mustafa Jawed Mustafa Saeed Alqaed Saeed Alqaed S. Mohammad Sajadi Hikmet Ş. Aybar Hikmet Ş. Aybar |
| author_sort | Jawed Mustafa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, a finite element analysis is employed to numerically investigate the thermal behavior of a battery pack comprising cylindrical lithium-ion cells. The system incorporates air cooling with phase change material (PCM) surrounding the batteries and nanofluid (NFD) circulating within the PCM through tubes of varying diameters (ranging from 2 mm to 6 mm) at flow rates (FRT) spanning 5 mL/min to 20 mL/min. A two-phase mixture model is applied to analyze the behavior of the NFD as it changes phase. The transient simulation covers a 1-h period to assess temperature variations of the NFD, batteries, surrounding air, PCM, and the phase change process within the PCM. Our results indicate that variations in NFD flow rate (NFFR) do not significantly affect the PCM’s molten fraction during PCM melting, coinciding with an increase in battery temperature (TBT). However, during the PCM refreezing phase, a FRT of 15 mL/min results in the highest quantity of solid PCM. The outlet temperature (TOT) of the NFD demonstrates a cyclical pattern of increase and decrease over time. We observe that when the NFD temperature is elevated, the lowest TOT of the NFD is associated with a FRT of 5 mL/min. Conversely, when the NFD temperature is lowered, this FRT leads to the highest TOT of the NFD. The TBT exhibits some sensitivity to changes in FRT within the initial half-hour, with a subsequent decline, particularly with a FRT of 15 mL/min. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T04:50:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8aa49c3b881944f089aa319d1f08a3f5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-598X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T04:50:47Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Energy Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-8aa49c3b881944f089aa319d1f08a3f52024-02-08T05:13:45ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Energy Research2296-598X2024-02-011210.3389/fenrg.2024.13293921329392Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materialsJawed Mustafa0Jawed Mustafa1Saeed Alqaed2Saeed Alqaed3S. Mohammad Sajadi4Hikmet Ş. Aybar5Hikmet Ş. Aybar6Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi ArabiaScience and Engineering Research Center, Najran University, Najran, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran, Saudi ArabiaScience and Engineering Research Center, Najran University, Najran, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, IraqDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TurkeyDepartment of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, TaiwanIn this study, a finite element analysis is employed to numerically investigate the thermal behavior of a battery pack comprising cylindrical lithium-ion cells. The system incorporates air cooling with phase change material (PCM) surrounding the batteries and nanofluid (NFD) circulating within the PCM through tubes of varying diameters (ranging from 2 mm to 6 mm) at flow rates (FRT) spanning 5 mL/min to 20 mL/min. A two-phase mixture model is applied to analyze the behavior of the NFD as it changes phase. The transient simulation covers a 1-h period to assess temperature variations of the NFD, batteries, surrounding air, PCM, and the phase change process within the PCM. Our results indicate that variations in NFD flow rate (NFFR) do not significantly affect the PCM’s molten fraction during PCM melting, coinciding with an increase in battery temperature (TBT). However, during the PCM refreezing phase, a FRT of 15 mL/min results in the highest quantity of solid PCM. The outlet temperature (TOT) of the NFD demonstrates a cyclical pattern of increase and decrease over time. We observe that when the NFD temperature is elevated, the lowest TOT of the NFD is associated with a FRT of 5 mL/min. Conversely, when the NFD temperature is lowered, this FRT leads to the highest TOT of the NFD. The TBT exhibits some sensitivity to changes in FRT within the initial half-hour, with a subsequent decline, particularly with a FRT of 15 mL/min.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1329392/fullphase change materialbattery coolinglithium-ion batteryair-cooled systemnanofluid |
| spellingShingle | Jawed Mustafa Jawed Mustafa Saeed Alqaed Saeed Alqaed S. Mohammad Sajadi Hikmet Ş. Aybar Hikmet Ş. Aybar Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials Frontiers in Energy Research phase change material battery cooling lithium-ion battery air-cooled system nanofluid |
| title | Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials |
| title_full | Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials |
| title_fullStr | Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials |
| title_short | Improving lithium battery cooling: analyzing the impact of air flow, nanofluid flow, and phase change materials |
| title_sort | improving lithium battery cooling analyzing the impact of air flow nanofluid flow and phase change materials |
| topic | phase change material battery cooling lithium-ion battery air-cooled system nanofluid |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1329392/full |
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