Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>
Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent promising candidates for biopesticide fumigants to control crop pests and pathogens. Herein, VOCs produced using three strains of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> were identified via GC-MS and screened for antimicr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/326 |
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| author | Esam Hamid Hummadi Yarkin Cetin Merve Demirbek Nadeems M. Kardar Shazia Khan Christopher J. Coates Daniel C. Eastwood Ed Dudley Thierry Maffeis Joel Loveridge Tariq M. Butt |
| author_facet | Esam Hamid Hummadi Yarkin Cetin Merve Demirbek Nadeems M. Kardar Shazia Khan Christopher J. Coates Daniel C. Eastwood Ed Dudley Thierry Maffeis Joel Loveridge Tariq M. Butt |
| author_sort | Esam Hamid Hummadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent promising candidates for biopesticide fumigants to control crop pests and pathogens. Herein, VOCs produced using three strains of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> were identified via GC-MS and screened for antimicrobial activity. The VOC profiles varied with fungal strain, development state (mycelium, spores) and culture conditions. Selected VOCs were screened against a range of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbes, including three Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), five Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Micrococcus luteus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>B. megaterium</i>, <i>B. thuringiensis</i>), two yeasts (<i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>) and three plant pathogenic fungi (<i>Pythium ultimum</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>). Microbes differed in their sensitivity to the test compounds, with 1-octen-3-ol and isovaleric acid showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Yeasts and bacteria were inhibited by the same VOCs. Cryo-SEM showed that both yeasts and bacteria underwent some form of “autolysis”, where all components of the cell, including the cell wall, disintegrated with little evidence of their presence in the clear, inhibition zone. The oomycete (<i>P. ultimum</i>) and ascomycete fungi (<i>F. graminearum</i>, <i>B. cinerea</i>) were sensitive to a wider range of VOCs than the bacteria, suggesting that eukaryotic microbes are the main competitors to <i>M. brunneum</i> in the rhizosphere. The ability to alter the VOC profile in response to nutritional cues may assist <i>M. brunneum</i> to survive among the roots of a wide range of plant species. Our VOC studies provided new insights as to how <i>M. brunneum</i> may protect plants from pathogenic microbes and correspondingly promote healthy growth. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:32:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8aac53c6416746679fd3eac0ca5cc248 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:32:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-8aac53c6416746679fd3eac0ca5cc2482023-12-03T13:34:18ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2022-03-018432610.3390/jof8040326Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>Esam Hamid Hummadi0Yarkin Cetin1Merve Demirbek2Nadeems M. Kardar3Shazia Khan4Christopher J. Coates5Daniel C. Eastwood6Ed Dudley7Thierry Maffeis8Joel Loveridge9Tariq M. Butt10Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFaculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UKFungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent promising candidates for biopesticide fumigants to control crop pests and pathogens. Herein, VOCs produced using three strains of the entomopathogenic fungus <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> were identified via GC-MS and screened for antimicrobial activity. The VOC profiles varied with fungal strain, development state (mycelium, spores) and culture conditions. Selected VOCs were screened against a range of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbes, including three Gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>), five Gram-positive bacteria (<i>Micrococcus luteus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, <i>B. megaterium</i>, <i>B. thuringiensis</i>), two yeasts (<i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Candida glabrata</i>) and three plant pathogenic fungi (<i>Pythium ultimum</i>, <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>). Microbes differed in their sensitivity to the test compounds, with 1-octen-3-ol and isovaleric acid showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Yeasts and bacteria were inhibited by the same VOCs. Cryo-SEM showed that both yeasts and bacteria underwent some form of “autolysis”, where all components of the cell, including the cell wall, disintegrated with little evidence of their presence in the clear, inhibition zone. The oomycete (<i>P. ultimum</i>) and ascomycete fungi (<i>F. graminearum</i>, <i>B. cinerea</i>) were sensitive to a wider range of VOCs than the bacteria, suggesting that eukaryotic microbes are the main competitors to <i>M. brunneum</i> in the rhizosphere. The ability to alter the VOC profile in response to nutritional cues may assist <i>M. brunneum</i> to survive among the roots of a wide range of plant species. Our VOC studies provided new insights as to how <i>M. brunneum</i> may protect plants from pathogenic microbes and correspondingly promote healthy growth.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/326<i>Metarhizium brunneum</i>entomopathogenic fungiantimicrobial compoundsvolatile organic compoundsplant pathogens |
| spellingShingle | Esam Hamid Hummadi Yarkin Cetin Merve Demirbek Nadeems M. Kardar Shazia Khan Christopher J. Coates Daniel C. Eastwood Ed Dudley Thierry Maffeis Joel Loveridge Tariq M. Butt Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> Journal of Fungi <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> entomopathogenic fungi antimicrobial compounds volatile organic compounds plant pathogens |
| title | Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> |
| title_full | Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> |
| title_short | Antimicrobial Volatiles of the Insect Pathogen <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> |
| title_sort | antimicrobial volatiles of the insect pathogen i metarhizium brunneum i |
| topic | <i>Metarhizium brunneum</i> entomopathogenic fungi antimicrobial compounds volatile organic compounds plant pathogens |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/8/4/326 |
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