Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany
Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone alre...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Vehicles |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/5/4/79 |
| _version_ | 1797379158788014080 |
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| author | Christopher Hecht Jan Figgener Dirk Uwe Sauer |
| author_facet | Christopher Hecht Jan Figgener Dirk Uwe Sauer |
| author_sort | Christopher Hecht |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid constraints is large. While many actors are working to enable this market, the readiness of hardware and regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20 manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations and 2 offering an AC variant. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:18:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8aadd2733f994b23b94b46f4f49be55c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-8921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:18:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vehicles |
| spelling | doaj.art-8aadd2733f994b23b94b46f4f49be55c2023-12-22T14:47:48ZengMDPI AGVehicles2624-89212023-10-01541452146610.3390/vehicles5040079Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on GermanyChristopher Hecht0Jan Figgener1Dirk Uwe Sauer2Grid Integration and Storage System Analysis, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, GermanyGrid Integration and Storage System Analysis, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, GermanyGrid Integration and Storage System Analysis, Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, GermanyVehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid constraints is large. While many actors are working to enable this market, the readiness of hardware and regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20 manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations and 2 offering an AC variant.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/5/4/79vehicle-to-gridelectric vehiclesmarket readinessbidirectional charging |
| spellingShingle | Christopher Hecht Jan Figgener Dirk Uwe Sauer Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany Vehicles vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles market readiness bidirectional charging |
| title | Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany |
| title_full | Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany |
| title_fullStr | Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany |
| title_short | Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany |
| title_sort | vehicle to grid market readiness in europe with a special focus on germany |
| topic | vehicle-to-grid electric vehicles market readiness bidirectional charging |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/5/4/79 |
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