Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil
In today’s fast, globalised world, lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency, including in the marine sector. While the number of fishing vessels increased, so did the environmental pollution issues, due to inefficient engines. An outboard engine oil’s tribological, oxidation a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Lubricants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/6/264 |
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| author | Haizum Aimi Zaharin Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali Mohammad Khalid Thachnatharen Nagarajan Wong Weng Pin Farah Ezzah Ong Gerard Rashmi Walvekar Abdul Khaliq Rasheed |
| author_facet | Haizum Aimi Zaharin Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali Mohammad Khalid Thachnatharen Nagarajan Wong Weng Pin Farah Ezzah Ong Gerard Rashmi Walvekar Abdul Khaliq Rasheed |
| author_sort | Haizum Aimi Zaharin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In today’s fast, globalised world, lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency, including in the marine sector. While the number of fishing vessels increased, so did the environmental pollution issues, due to inefficient engines. An outboard engine oil’s tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity behaviour play a crucial role in improving the quality of an outboard engine’s life. In this research, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanoparticles with different interlayer spacing were synthesised via an advanced microwave–hydrothermal approach. Later, the nanoparticles were dispersed in TC-W outboard engine oil to formulate the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanolubricant with different concentrations. The results show that nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene concentration with higher interlayer spacing reduced the coefficient of friction, and the average wear scar diameter by 14.5% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the base oil. Furthermore, the nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% concentration of the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanoparticle showed an improvement of 54.8% in oxidation induction time compared to the base oil. In addition, MXene nanolubricant established a more than 50% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:13:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8b2f1241b40a420db19196836a13858a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4442 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:13:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Lubricants |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b2f1241b40a420db19196836a13858a2023-11-18T11:20:00ZengMDPI AGLubricants2075-44422023-06-0111626410.3390/lubricants11060264Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine OilHaizum Aimi Zaharin0Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali1Mohammad Khalid2Thachnatharen Nagarajan3Wong Weng Pin4Farah Ezzah5Ong Gerard6Rashmi Walvekar7Abdul Khaliq Rasheed8Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, MalaysiaGraphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, MalaysiaFaculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaGraphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MalaysiaCentre for Ionics University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment Chemical Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang 43900, MalaysiaDepartment of New Energy Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ximen University Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang 43900, MalaysiaIn today’s fast, globalised world, lubrication has become essential in enhancing engine efficiency, including in the marine sector. While the number of fishing vessels increased, so did the environmental pollution issues, due to inefficient engines. An outboard engine oil’s tribological, oxidation and thermal conductivity behaviour play a crucial role in improving the quality of an outboard engine’s life. In this research, Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanoparticles with different interlayer spacing were synthesised via an advanced microwave–hydrothermal approach. Later, the nanoparticles were dispersed in TC-W outboard engine oil to formulate the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanolubricant with different concentrations. The results show that nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene concentration with higher interlayer spacing reduced the coefficient of friction, and the average wear scar diameter by 14.5% and 6.3%, respectively, compared to the base oil. Furthermore, the nanolubricant with a 0.01 wt.% concentration of the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene nanoparticle showed an improvement of 54.8% in oxidation induction time compared to the base oil. In addition, MXene nanolubricant established a more than 50% improvement in thermal conductivity compared to the base oil.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/6/264MXenetribologynanolubricantoxidationthermal conductivity |
| spellingShingle | Haizum Aimi Zaharin Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali Mohammad Khalid Thachnatharen Nagarajan Wong Weng Pin Farah Ezzah Ong Gerard Rashmi Walvekar Abdul Khaliq Rasheed Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil Lubricants MXene tribology nanolubricant oxidation thermal conductivity |
| title | Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil |
| title_full | Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil |
| title_fullStr | Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil |
| title_short | Tribological, Oxidation and Thermal Analysis of Advanced Microwave–Hydrothermal Synthesised Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene as Additives in Outboard Engine Oil |
| title_sort | tribological oxidation and thermal analysis of advanced microwave hydrothermal synthesised ti sub 3 sub c sub 2 sub t sub x sub mxene as additives in outboard engine oil |
| topic | MXene tribology nanolubricant oxidation thermal conductivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4442/11/6/264 |
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