Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes
To counter the harmful impacts of agricultural chemicals on the environment and human health, there is an increasing demand for safe, eco-friendly, and potent plant-based biopesticides. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ginger essential oil and selected volatile com...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Horticulturae |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/48 |
| _version_ | 1827371962164314112 |
|---|---|
| author | Li-Rong Zhou Hai-Jun Hu Jie Wang Yong-Xing Zhu Xue-Dong Zhu Jia-Wei Ma Yi-Qing Liu |
| author_facet | Li-Rong Zhou Hai-Jun Hu Jie Wang Yong-Xing Zhu Xue-Dong Zhu Jia-Wei Ma Yi-Qing Liu |
| author_sort | Li-Rong Zhou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To counter the harmful impacts of agricultural chemicals on the environment and human health, there is an increasing demand for safe, eco-friendly, and potent plant-based biopesticides. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ginger essential oil and selected volatile compounds (linalool, eugenol, citral, and cinnamaldehyde [CA]) against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> FOX-1. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the mycelium growth inhibition method. The compound CA exhibited the most potent antifungal effect against <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1 and was selected for further investigation. After treatment with CA at 1/2 MIC or MIC, the spore germination of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1 was significantly inhibited at 12 h. Furthermore, microscopic observation revealed that CA treatment resulted in the morphological degradation of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1. CA destroyed the cell membrane integrity of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1, increasing the relative conductivity and the leakage of intracellular protein, nucleic acids, and malondialdehyde, affecting the integrity and metabolism of the cell membrane. The effects were positively related to CA concentration. Additionally, in vivo experiments with rhizome sections showed that CA significantly reduced the pathogenicity of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the potential of using ginger essential oil components as fungicides, offering a basis for future research to develop robust and eco-friendly plant-derived fungicides that serve as a sustainable means to reduce fungus-driven agricultural losses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:49:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8b37f2cfc71d4623a5325df22a9a591f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-7524 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:49:22Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Horticulturae |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b37f2cfc71d4623a5325df22a9a591f2024-01-26T16:49:47ZengMDPI AGHorticulturae2311-75242024-01-011014810.3390/horticulturae10010048Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell MembranesLi-Rong Zhou0Hai-Jun Hu1Jie Wang2Yong-Xing Zhu3Xue-Dong Zhu4Jia-Wei Ma5Yi-Qing Liu6Spice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaSpice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaSpice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaSpice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaYudongnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 408000, ChinaSpice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaSpice Crops Research Institute, College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, ChinaTo counter the harmful impacts of agricultural chemicals on the environment and human health, there is an increasing demand for safe, eco-friendly, and potent plant-based biopesticides. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ginger essential oil and selected volatile compounds (linalool, eugenol, citral, and cinnamaldehyde [CA]) against <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> FOX-1. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the mycelium growth inhibition method. The compound CA exhibited the most potent antifungal effect against <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1 and was selected for further investigation. After treatment with CA at 1/2 MIC or MIC, the spore germination of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1 was significantly inhibited at 12 h. Furthermore, microscopic observation revealed that CA treatment resulted in the morphological degradation of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1. CA destroyed the cell membrane integrity of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1, increasing the relative conductivity and the leakage of intracellular protein, nucleic acids, and malondialdehyde, affecting the integrity and metabolism of the cell membrane. The effects were positively related to CA concentration. Additionally, in vivo experiments with rhizome sections showed that CA significantly reduced the pathogenicity of <i>F. oxysporum</i> FOX-1. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the potential of using ginger essential oil components as fungicides, offering a basis for future research to develop robust and eco-friendly plant-derived fungicides that serve as a sustainable means to reduce fungus-driven agricultural losses.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/48cinnamaldehydeantimicrobial mechanismbiofilmginger essential oil<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> |
| spellingShingle | Li-Rong Zhou Hai-Jun Hu Jie Wang Yong-Xing Zhu Xue-Dong Zhu Jia-Wei Ma Yi-Qing Liu Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes Horticulturae cinnamaldehyde antimicrobial mechanism biofilm ginger essential oil <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> |
| title | Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes |
| title_full | Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes |
| title_fullStr | Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes |
| title_short | Cinnamaldehyde Acts as a Fungistat by Disrupting the Integrity of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> Fox-1 Cell Membranes |
| title_sort | cinnamaldehyde acts as a fungistat by disrupting the integrity of i fusarium oxysporum i fox 1 cell membranes |
| topic | cinnamaldehyde antimicrobial mechanism biofilm ginger essential oil <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/10/1/48 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lirongzhou cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT haijunhu cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT jiewang cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT yongxingzhu cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT xuedongzhu cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT jiaweima cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes AT yiqingliu cinnamaldehydeactsasafungistatbydisruptingtheintegrityofifusariumoxysporumifox1cellmembranes |