The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases
Exosomes (EXOs) are natural nanoparticles of endosome origin that are secreted by a variety of cells in the body. Exosomes have been found in bio-fluids such as urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, and ascites, among others. Milk is the only commercially available biological liquid containing EXOs. Proof...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1009338/full |
| _version_ | 1797990516938244096 |
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| author | Mehdi Rashidi Mehdi Rashidi Salar Bijari Amir Hossein Khazaei Fereshteh Shojaei-Ghahrizjani Leila Rezakhani Leila Rezakhani |
| author_facet | Mehdi Rashidi Mehdi Rashidi Salar Bijari Amir Hossein Khazaei Fereshteh Shojaei-Ghahrizjani Leila Rezakhani Leila Rezakhani |
| author_sort | Mehdi Rashidi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Exosomes (EXOs) are natural nanoparticles of endosome origin that are secreted by a variety of cells in the body. Exosomes have been found in bio-fluids such as urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, and ascites, among others. Milk is the only commercially available biological liquid containing EXOs. Proof that exosomes are essential for cell-to-cell communication is increasingly being reported. Studies have shown that they migrate from the cell of origin to various bioactive substances, including membrane receptors, proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and organelles, or they can stimulate target cells directly through interactions with receptors. Because of the presence of specific proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes act in physiological and pathological conditions in vivo. Other salient features of EXOs include their long half-life in the body, no tumorigenesis, low immune response, good biocompatibility, ability to target cells through their surface biomarkers, and capacity to carry macromolecules. EXOs have been introduced to the scientific community as important, efficient, and attractive nanoparticles. They can be extracted from different sources and have the same characteristics as their parents. EXOs present in milk can be separated by size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, or (ultra) centrifugation; however, the complex composition of milk that includes casein micelles and milk fat globules makes it necessary to take additional issues into consideration when employing the mentioned techniques with milk. As a rich source of EXOs, milk has unique properties that, in addition to its role as a carrier, promotes its use in treating diseases such as digestive problems, skin ulcers, and cancer, Moreover, EXOs derived from camel milk are reported to reduce the risk of oxidative stress and cancer. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) from yak milk improves gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, yak-MDEs have been suggested to be the best treatment for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cell line). Because of their availability as well as the non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness of their preparation, isolates from mammals milk can be excellent resources for studies related to EXOs. These features also make it possible to exploit MDEs in clinical trials. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic applications of EXOs isolated from various milk sources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:37:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8b768849368143d796dc9ecb265dba68 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T08:37:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b768849368143d796dc9ecb265dba682022-12-22T04:34:17ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212022-10-011310.3389/fgene.2022.10093381009338The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseasesMehdi Rashidi0Mehdi Rashidi1Salar Bijari2Amir Hossein Khazaei3Fereshteh Shojaei-Ghahrizjani4Leila Rezakhani5Leila Rezakhani6Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAUPS), Tehran, IranNano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranDepartment of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranStudent Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyFertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranDepartment of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranExosomes (EXOs) are natural nanoparticles of endosome origin that are secreted by a variety of cells in the body. Exosomes have been found in bio-fluids such as urine, saliva, amniotic fluid, and ascites, among others. Milk is the only commercially available biological liquid containing EXOs. Proof that exosomes are essential for cell-to-cell communication is increasingly being reported. Studies have shown that they migrate from the cell of origin to various bioactive substances, including membrane receptors, proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, and organelles, or they can stimulate target cells directly through interactions with receptors. Because of the presence of specific proteins, lipids, and RNAs, exosomes act in physiological and pathological conditions in vivo. Other salient features of EXOs include their long half-life in the body, no tumorigenesis, low immune response, good biocompatibility, ability to target cells through their surface biomarkers, and capacity to carry macromolecules. EXOs have been introduced to the scientific community as important, efficient, and attractive nanoparticles. They can be extracted from different sources and have the same characteristics as their parents. EXOs present in milk can be separated by size exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation, or (ultra) centrifugation; however, the complex composition of milk that includes casein micelles and milk fat globules makes it necessary to take additional issues into consideration when employing the mentioned techniques with milk. As a rich source of EXOs, milk has unique properties that, in addition to its role as a carrier, promotes its use in treating diseases such as digestive problems, skin ulcers, and cancer, Moreover, EXOs derived from camel milk are reported to reduce the risk of oxidative stress and cancer. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) from yak milk improves gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, yak-MDEs have been suggested to be the best treatment for intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cell line). Because of their availability as well as the non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness of their preparation, isolates from mammals milk can be excellent resources for studies related to EXOs. These features also make it possible to exploit MDEs in clinical trials. The current study aimed to investigate the therapeutic applications of EXOs isolated from various milk sources.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1009338/fullmilk-derived exosomeclinical applicationsexosome isolationnatural nanovesiclesdiseases |
| spellingShingle | Mehdi Rashidi Mehdi Rashidi Salar Bijari Amir Hossein Khazaei Fereshteh Shojaei-Ghahrizjani Leila Rezakhani Leila Rezakhani The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases Frontiers in Genetics milk-derived exosome clinical applications exosome isolation natural nanovesicles diseases |
| title | The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| title_full | The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| title_fullStr | The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| title_short | The role of milk-derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| title_sort | role of milk derived exosomes in the treatment of diseases |
| topic | milk-derived exosome clinical applications exosome isolation natural nanovesicles diseases |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.1009338/full |
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