Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cigarette smoke has both pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Both active and passive cigarette smoke exposure are linked to an increased incidence and severity of respiratory virus infections, but underlying mechanisms ar...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2008-07-01
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| Series: | Respiratory Research |
| Online Access: | http://respiratory-research.com/content/9/1/53 |
| _version_ | 1828472118435643392 |
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| author | Jones Jessica E Vlahos Ross Hansen Michelle J Gualano Rosa C Park-Jones Ruth A Deliyannis Georgia Turner Stephen J Duca Karen A Anderson Gary P |
| author_facet | Jones Jessica E Vlahos Ross Hansen Michelle J Gualano Rosa C Park-Jones Ruth A Deliyannis Georgia Turner Stephen J Duca Karen A Anderson Gary P |
| author_sort | Jones Jessica E |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cigarette smoke has both pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Both active and passive cigarette smoke exposure are linked to an increased incidence and severity of respiratory virus infections, but underlying mechanisms are not well defined. We hypothesized, based on prior gene expression profiling studies, that upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators by short term smoke exposure would be protective against a subsequent influenza infection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>BALB/c mice were subjected to whole body smoke exposure with 9 cigarettes/day for 4 days. Mice were then infected with influenza A (H3N1, Mem71 strain), and analyzed 3 and 10 days later (d3, d10). These time points are the peak and resolution (respectively) of influenza infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Inflammatory cell influx into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF), inflammatory mediators, proteases, histopathology, viral titres and T lymphocyte profiles were analyzed. Compared to smoke or influenza alone, mice exposed to smoke and then influenza had more macrophages, neutrophils and total lymphocytes in BALF at d3, more macrophages in BALF at d10, lower net gelatinase activity and increased activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 in BALF at d3, altered profiles of key cytokines and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, worse lung pathology and more virus-specific, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes in BALF. Mice smoke exposed before influenza infection had close to 10-fold higher lung virus titres at d3 than influenza alone mice, although all mice had cleared virus by d10, regardless of smoke exposure. Smoke exposure caused temporary weight loss and when smoking ceased after viral infection, smoke and influenza mice regained significantly less weight than smoke alone mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Smoke induced inflammation does not protect against influenza infection.</p> <p>In most respects, smoke exposure worsened the host response to influenza. This animal model may be useful in studying how smoke worsens respiratory viral infections.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T05:24:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8b7b4f9c625246ec8d408c8c573d6087 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1465-9921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T05:24:18Z |
| publishDate | 2008-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Respiratory Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b7b4f9c625246ec8d408c8c573d60872022-12-22T01:19:37ZengBMCRespiratory Research1465-99212008-07-01915310.1186/1465-9921-9-53Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in miceJones Jessica EVlahos RossHansen Michelle JGualano Rosa CPark-Jones Ruth ADeliyannis GeorgiaTurner Stephen JDuca Karen AAnderson Gary P<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cigarette smoke has both pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Both active and passive cigarette smoke exposure are linked to an increased incidence and severity of respiratory virus infections, but underlying mechanisms are not well defined. We hypothesized, based on prior gene expression profiling studies, that upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators by short term smoke exposure would be protective against a subsequent influenza infection.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>BALB/c mice were subjected to whole body smoke exposure with 9 cigarettes/day for 4 days. Mice were then infected with influenza A (H3N1, Mem71 strain), and analyzed 3 and 10 days later (d3, d10). These time points are the peak and resolution (respectively) of influenza infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Inflammatory cell influx into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF), inflammatory mediators, proteases, histopathology, viral titres and T lymphocyte profiles were analyzed. Compared to smoke or influenza alone, mice exposed to smoke and then influenza had more macrophages, neutrophils and total lymphocytes in BALF at d3, more macrophages in BALF at d10, lower net gelatinase activity and increased activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 in BALF at d3, altered profiles of key cytokines and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, worse lung pathology and more virus-specific, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes in BALF. Mice smoke exposed before influenza infection had close to 10-fold higher lung virus titres at d3 than influenza alone mice, although all mice had cleared virus by d10, regardless of smoke exposure. Smoke exposure caused temporary weight loss and when smoking ceased after viral infection, smoke and influenza mice regained significantly less weight than smoke alone mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Smoke induced inflammation does not protect against influenza infection.</p> <p>In most respects, smoke exposure worsened the host response to influenza. This animal model may be useful in studying how smoke worsens respiratory viral infections.</p>http://respiratory-research.com/content/9/1/53 |
| spellingShingle | Jones Jessica E Vlahos Ross Hansen Michelle J Gualano Rosa C Park-Jones Ruth A Deliyannis Georgia Turner Stephen J Duca Karen A Anderson Gary P Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice Respiratory Research |
| title | Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| title_full | Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| title_fullStr | Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| title_short | Cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| title_sort | cigarette smoke worsens lung inflammation and impairs resolution of influenza infection in mice |
| url | http://respiratory-research.com/content/9/1/53 |
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