Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions
Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is wel...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4374 |
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| author | Allah Nawaz Yasuhiro Nishida Akiko Takikawa Shiho Fujisaka Tomonobu Kado Aminuddin Aminuddin Muhammad Bilal Ishtiaq Jeelani Muhammad Rahil Aslam Ayumi Nishimura Takahide Kuwano Yoshiyuki Watanabe Yoshiko Igarashi Keisuke Okabe Saeed Ahmed Azhar Manzoor Isao Usui Kunimasa Yagi Takashi Nakagawa Kazuyuki Tobe |
| author_facet | Allah Nawaz Yasuhiro Nishida Akiko Takikawa Shiho Fujisaka Tomonobu Kado Aminuddin Aminuddin Muhammad Bilal Ishtiaq Jeelani Muhammad Rahil Aslam Ayumi Nishimura Takahide Kuwano Yoshiyuki Watanabe Yoshiko Igarashi Keisuke Okabe Saeed Ahmed Azhar Manzoor Isao Usui Kunimasa Yagi Takashi Nakagawa Kazuyuki Tobe |
| author_sort | Allah Nawaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in AT. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor’s niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:23:32Z |
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| id | doaj.art-8b8b9d9582ae4559bc4d5e3b158419ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:23:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b8b9d9582ae4559bc4d5e3b158419ee2023-11-23T09:56:49ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-12-011312437410.3390/nu13124374Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy FunctionsAllah Nawaz0Yasuhiro Nishida1Akiko Takikawa2Shiho Fujisaka3Tomonobu Kado4Aminuddin Aminuddin5Muhammad Bilal6Ishtiaq Jeelani7Muhammad Rahil Aslam8Ayumi Nishimura9Takahide Kuwano10Yoshiyuki Watanabe11Yoshiko Igarashi12Keisuke Okabe13Saeed Ahmed14Azhar Manzoor15Isao Usui16Kunimasa Yagi17Takashi Nakagawa18Kazuyuki Tobe19Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, PakistanIndus Hospital Bhong, Sadiqabad 64350, PakistanDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanDepartment of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanFirst Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, JapanRecently, obesity-induced insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have become major social problems. We have previously shown that Astaxanthin (AX), which is a natural antioxidant, significantly ameliorates obesity-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. It is well known that AX is a strong lipophilic antioxidant and has been shown to be beneficial for acute inflammation. However, the actual effects of AX on chronic inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) remain unclear. To observe the effects of AX on AT functions in obese mice, we fed six-week-old male C57BL/6J on high-fat-diet (HFD) supplemented with or without 0.02% of AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX at 10 and 24 weeks of HFD with or without AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, inflammation, and mitochondrial function in AT. We found that AX significantly reduced oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration into AT, as well as maintaining healthy AT function. Furthermore, AX prevented pathological AT remodeling probably caused by hypoxia in AT. Collectively, AX treatment exerted anti-inflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in AT, maintained the vascular structure of AT and preserved the stem cells and progenitor’s niche, and enhanced anti-inflammatory hypoxia induction factor-2α-dominant hypoxic response. Through these mechanisms of action, it prevented the pathological remodeling of AT and maintained its integrity.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4374Astaxanthinnatural antioxidantobesityinsulin resistanceadipose tissue remodelingadipose tissue macrophages |
| spellingShingle | Allah Nawaz Yasuhiro Nishida Akiko Takikawa Shiho Fujisaka Tomonobu Kado Aminuddin Aminuddin Muhammad Bilal Ishtiaq Jeelani Muhammad Rahil Aslam Ayumi Nishimura Takahide Kuwano Yoshiyuki Watanabe Yoshiko Igarashi Keisuke Okabe Saeed Ahmed Azhar Manzoor Isao Usui Kunimasa Yagi Takashi Nakagawa Kazuyuki Tobe Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions Nutrients Astaxanthin natural antioxidant obesity insulin resistance adipose tissue remodeling adipose tissue macrophages |
| title | Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions |
| title_full | Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions |
| title_fullStr | Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions |
| title_short | Astaxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid, Maintains the Tolerance and Integrity of Adipose Tissue and Contributes to Its Healthy Functions |
| title_sort | astaxanthin a marine carotenoid maintains the tolerance and integrity of adipose tissue and contributes to its healthy functions |
| topic | Astaxanthin natural antioxidant obesity insulin resistance adipose tissue remodeling adipose tissue macrophages |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4374 |
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