An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks
The roots of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are tracked back to US military developments, and, currently, WSNs have paved their way into a vast domain of civil applications, especially environmental, critical infrastructure, habitat monitoring, etc. In the majority of these applications, WSNs have...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2855 |
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| author | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq Muhammad Zahid Khan Haseeb Ur Rehman Gulzar Mehmood Ahmed Binmahfoudh Moez Krichen Roobaea Alroobaea |
| author_facet | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq Muhammad Zahid Khan Haseeb Ur Rehman Gulzar Mehmood Ahmed Binmahfoudh Moez Krichen Roobaea Alroobaea |
| author_sort | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The roots of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are tracked back to US military developments, and, currently, WSNs have paved their way into a vast domain of civil applications, especially environmental, critical infrastructure, habitat monitoring, etc. In the majority of these applications, WSNs have been deployed to monitor critical and inaccessible terrains; however, due to their unique and resource-constrained nature, WSNs face many design and deployment challenges in these difficult-to-access working environments, including connectivity maintenance, topology management, reliability, etc. However, for WSNs, topology management and connectivity still remain a major concern in WSNs that hampers their operations, with a direct impact on the overall application performance of WSNs. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a new topology management and connectivity maintenance scheme called a Tolerating Fault and Maintaining Network Connectivity using Array Antenna (ToMaCAA) for WSNs. ToMaCAA is a system designed to adapt to dynamic structures and maintain network connectivity while consuming fewer network resources. Thereafter, we incorporated a Phase Array Antenna into the existing topology management technologies, proving ToMaCAA to be a novel contribution. This new approach allows a node to connect to the farthest node in the network while conserving resources and energy. Moreover, data transmission is restricted to one route, reducing overheads and conserving energy in various other nodes’ idle listening state. For the implementation of ToMaCAA, the MATLAB network simulation platform has been used to test and analyse its performance. The output results were compared with the benchmark schemes, i.e., Disjoint Path Vector (DPV), Adaptive Disjoint Path Vector (ADPV), and Pickup Non-Critical Node Based k-Connectivity (PINC). The performance of ToMaCAA was evaluated based on different performance metrics, i.e., the network lifetime, total number of transmitted messages, and node failure in WSNs. The output results revealed that the ToMaCAA outperformed the DPV, ADPV, and PINC schemes in terms of maintaining network connectivity during link failures and made the network more fault-tolerant and reliable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:02:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8b8d22c2dfe94d4eb8e65bb39ec34e11 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:02:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-8b8d22c2dfe94d4eb8e65bb39ec34e112023-11-30T21:52:13ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-04-01228285510.3390/s22082855An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor NetworksMuhammad Zia Ul Haq0Muhammad Zahid Khan1Haseeb Ur Rehman2Gulzar Mehmood3Ahmed Binmahfoudh4Moez Krichen5Roobaea Alroobaea6Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wah Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah 47040, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, PakistanDepartment of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, PakistanDepartment of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaFaculty of CSIT, Al-Baha University, Al Bahah 65731, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaThe roots of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are tracked back to US military developments, and, currently, WSNs have paved their way into a vast domain of civil applications, especially environmental, critical infrastructure, habitat monitoring, etc. In the majority of these applications, WSNs have been deployed to monitor critical and inaccessible terrains; however, due to their unique and resource-constrained nature, WSNs face many design and deployment challenges in these difficult-to-access working environments, including connectivity maintenance, topology management, reliability, etc. However, for WSNs, topology management and connectivity still remain a major concern in WSNs that hampers their operations, with a direct impact on the overall application performance of WSNs. To address this issue, in this paper, we propose a new topology management and connectivity maintenance scheme called a Tolerating Fault and Maintaining Network Connectivity using Array Antenna (ToMaCAA) for WSNs. ToMaCAA is a system designed to adapt to dynamic structures and maintain network connectivity while consuming fewer network resources. Thereafter, we incorporated a Phase Array Antenna into the existing topology management technologies, proving ToMaCAA to be a novel contribution. This new approach allows a node to connect to the farthest node in the network while conserving resources and energy. Moreover, data transmission is restricted to one route, reducing overheads and conserving energy in various other nodes’ idle listening state. For the implementation of ToMaCAA, the MATLAB network simulation platform has been used to test and analyse its performance. The output results were compared with the benchmark schemes, i.e., Disjoint Path Vector (DPV), Adaptive Disjoint Path Vector (ADPV), and Pickup Non-Critical Node Based k-Connectivity (PINC). The performance of ToMaCAA was evaluated based on different performance metrics, i.e., the network lifetime, total number of transmitted messages, and node failure in WSNs. The output results revealed that the ToMaCAA outperformed the DPV, ADPV, and PINC schemes in terms of maintaining network connectivity during link failures and made the network more fault-tolerant and reliable.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2855WSNsroutingnetwork lifetimeenergy-efficiency |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Zia Ul Haq Muhammad Zahid Khan Haseeb Ur Rehman Gulzar Mehmood Ahmed Binmahfoudh Moez Krichen Roobaea Alroobaea An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks Sensors WSNs routing network lifetime energy-efficiency |
| title | An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full | An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_short | An Adaptive Topology Management Scheme to Maintain Network Connectivity in Wireless Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | adaptive topology management scheme to maintain network connectivity in wireless sensor networks |
| topic | WSNs routing network lifetime energy-efficiency |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2855 |
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