Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm
Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disea...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1457 |
| _version_ | 1797521879342252032 |
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| author | Dewald Schoeman Burtram C. Fielding |
| author_facet | Dewald Schoeman Burtram C. Fielding |
| author_sort | Dewald Schoeman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Over the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:18:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8bc1ac05422a40a79777be484ec2e483 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:18:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-8bc1ac05422a40a79777be484ec2e4832023-11-22T10:09:34ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-07-01138145710.3390/v13081457Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by StormDewald Schoeman0Burtram C. Fielding1Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South AfricaMolecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South AfricaOver the past 18 years, three highly pathogenic human (h) coronaviruses (CoVs) have caused severe outbreaks, the most recent causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, being the first to cause a pandemic. Although much progress has been made since the COVID-19 pandemic started, much about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease, COVID-19, is still poorly understood. The highly pathogenic hCoVs differ in some respects, but also share some similarities in clinical presentation, the risk factors associated with severe disease, and the characteristic immunopathology associated with the progression to severe disease. This review aims to highlight these overlapping aspects of the highly pathogenic hCoVs—SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2—briefly discussing the importance of an appropriately regulated immune response; how the immune response to these highly pathogenic hCoVs might be dysregulated through interferon (IFN) inhibition, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA); and how these could link to the ensuing cytokine storm. The treatment approaches to highly pathogenic hCoV infections are discussed and it is suggested that a greater focus be placed on T-cell vaccines that elicit a cell-mediated immune response, using rapamycin as a potential agent to improve vaccine responses in the elderly and obese, and the potential of stapled peptides as antiviral agents.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1457human coronavirusescytokine stormimmunopathologyCOVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Dewald Schoeman Burtram C. Fielding Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm Viruses human coronaviruses cytokine storm immunopathology COVID-19 |
| title | Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm |
| title_full | Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm |
| title_fullStr | Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm |
| title_short | Human Coronaviruses: Counteracting the Damage by Storm |
| title_sort | human coronaviruses counteracting the damage by storm |
| topic | human coronaviruses cytokine storm immunopathology COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/8/1457 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dewaldschoeman humancoronavirusescounteractingthedamagebystorm AT burtramcfielding humancoronavirusescounteractingthedamagebystorm |