An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements
Poisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidot...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1516 |
| _version_ | 1818514804912947200 |
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| author | Christiana Eleojo Aruwa Yusuf Ola Mukaila Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao Saheed Sabiu |
| author_facet | Christiana Eleojo Aruwa Yusuf Ola Mukaila Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao Saheed Sabiu |
| author_sort | Christiana Eleojo Aruwa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Poisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidotes development for various poisons to date. While there are resources and facilities to tackle poisoning in urban areas, rural areas and developing countries are challenged with poisoning management due to either the absence of or inadequate facilities and this has paved the way for phyto-antidotes, some of which have been scientifically validated. This review presents the scope of antidotes’ effectiveness in different experimental models and biotechnological advancements in antidote research for future applications. While pockets of evidence of the effectiveness of antidotes exist <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> with ample biotechnological developments, the utilization of analytic assays on existing and newly developed antidotes that have surpassed the proof of concept stage, as well as the inclusion of antidote’s short and long-term risk assessment report, will help in providing the required scientific evidence(s) prior to regulatory authorities’ approval. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:20:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8bd12b0d853f4d12be6ac0260d5eb411 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:20:46Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-8bd12b0d853f4d12be6ac0260d5eb4112022-12-22T01:27:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-03-01257151610.3390/molecules25071516molecules25071516An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological AdvancementsChristiana Eleojo Aruwa0Yusuf Ola Mukaila1Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao2Saheed Sabiu3Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South AfricaDepartment of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 220005, NigeriaDepartment of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park APK 2006, South AfricaDepartment of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South AfricaPoisoning is the greatest source of avoidable death in the world and can result from industrial exhausts, incessant bush burning, drug overdose, accidental toxication or snake envenomation. Since the advent of Albert Calmette’s cobra venom antidote, efforts have been geared towards antidotes development for various poisons to date. While there are resources and facilities to tackle poisoning in urban areas, rural areas and developing countries are challenged with poisoning management due to either the absence of or inadequate facilities and this has paved the way for phyto-antidotes, some of which have been scientifically validated. This review presents the scope of antidotes’ effectiveness in different experimental models and biotechnological advancements in antidote research for future applications. While pockets of evidence of the effectiveness of antidotes exist <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> with ample biotechnological developments, the utilization of analytic assays on existing and newly developed antidotes that have surpassed the proof of concept stage, as well as the inclusion of antidote’s short and long-term risk assessment report, will help in providing the required scientific evidence(s) prior to regulatory authorities’ approval.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1516antidotesphyto-antidotespoisonssecondary metabolitessnakebitessnake envenomation |
| spellingShingle | Christiana Eleojo Aruwa Yusuf Ola Mukaila Abdulwakeel Ayokun-nun Ajao Saheed Sabiu An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements Molecules antidotes phyto-antidotes poisons secondary metabolites snakebites snake envenomation |
| title | An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements |
| title_full | An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements |
| title_fullStr | An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements |
| title_short | An Appraisal of Antidotes’ Effectiveness: Evidence of the Use of Phyto-Antidotes and Biotechnological Advancements |
| title_sort | appraisal of antidotes effectiveness evidence of the use of phyto antidotes and biotechnological advancements |
| topic | antidotes phyto-antidotes poisons secondary metabolites snakebites snake envenomation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/7/1516 |
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