Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop

Studying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in...

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Main Authors: Dale E.A. Lewis, Sankar Adhya
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2015-10-01
Series:Biomolecules
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782
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author Dale E.A. Lewis
Sankar Adhya
author_facet Dale E.A. Lewis
Sankar Adhya
author_sort Dale E.A. Lewis
collection DOAJ
description Studying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in gal that continues to reveal unexpected but important mechanistic details. Since the operon is transcribed from two overlapping promoters, P1 and P2, regulated by common regulatory factors, each genetic or biochemical experiment allowed simultaneous discernment of two promoters. Recent studies range from genetic, biochemical through biophysical experiments providing explanations at physiological, mechanistic and single molecule levels. The salient observations highlighted here are: the axiom of determining transcription start points, discovery of a new promoter element different from the known ones that influences promoter strength, occurrence of an intrinsic DNA sequence element that overrides the transcription elongation pause created by a DNA-bound protein roadblock, first observation of a DNA loop and determination its trajectory, and piggybacking proteins and delivering to their DNA target.
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spelling doaj.art-8bdd16d65f424fe6bcbbcc8576ea71872022-12-21T17:57:39ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2015-10-01542782280710.3390/biom5042782biom5042782Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA LoopDale E.A. Lewis0Sankar Adhya1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USALaboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USAStudying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in gal that continues to reveal unexpected but important mechanistic details. Since the operon is transcribed from two overlapping promoters, P1 and P2, regulated by common regulatory factors, each genetic or biochemical experiment allowed simultaneous discernment of two promoters. Recent studies range from genetic, biochemical through biophysical experiments providing explanations at physiological, mechanistic and single molecule levels. The salient observations highlighted here are: the axiom of determining transcription start points, discovery of a new promoter element different from the known ones that influences promoter strength, occurrence of an intrinsic DNA sequence element that overrides the transcription elongation pause created by a DNA-bound protein roadblock, first observation of a DNA loop and determination its trajectory, and piggybacking proteins and delivering to their DNA target.http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782activationrepressionDNA loopingtranscriptiongalactose operon
spellingShingle Dale E.A. Lewis
Sankar Adhya
Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
Biomolecules
activation
repression
DNA looping
transcription
galactose operon
title Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
title_full Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
title_fullStr Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
title_full_unstemmed Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
title_short Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
title_sort molecular mechanisms of transcription initiation at gal promoters and their multi level regulation by galr crp and dna loop
topic activation
repression
DNA looping
transcription
galactose operon
url http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782
work_keys_str_mv AT daleealewis molecularmechanismsoftranscriptioninitiationatgalpromotersandtheirmultilevelregulationbygalrcrpanddnaloop
AT sankaradhya molecularmechanismsoftranscriptioninitiationatgalpromotersandtheirmultilevelregulationbygalrcrpanddnaloop