Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop
Studying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in...
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MDPI AG
2015-10-01
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Series: | Biomolecules |
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Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782 |
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author | Dale E.A. Lewis Sankar Adhya |
author_facet | Dale E.A. Lewis Sankar Adhya |
author_sort | Dale E.A. Lewis |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Studying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in gal that continues to reveal unexpected but important mechanistic details. Since the operon is transcribed from two overlapping promoters, P1 and P2, regulated by common regulatory factors, each genetic or biochemical experiment allowed simultaneous discernment of two promoters. Recent studies range from genetic, biochemical through biophysical experiments providing explanations at physiological, mechanistic and single molecule levels. The salient observations highlighted here are: the axiom of determining transcription start points, discovery of a new promoter element different from the known ones that influences promoter strength, occurrence of an intrinsic DNA sequence element that overrides the transcription elongation pause created by a DNA-bound protein roadblock, first observation of a DNA loop and determination its trajectory, and piggybacking proteins and delivering to their DNA target. |
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format | Article |
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institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2218-273X |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-12-23T06:01:53Z |
publishDate | 2015-10-01 |
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series | Biomolecules |
spelling | doaj.art-8bdd16d65f424fe6bcbbcc8576ea71872022-12-21T17:57:39ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2015-10-01542782280710.3390/biom5042782biom5042782Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA LoopDale E.A. Lewis0Sankar Adhya1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USALaboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USAStudying the regulation of transcription of the gal operon that encodes the amphibolic pathway of d-galactose metabolism in Escherichia coli discerned a plethora of principles that operate in prokaryotic gene regulatory processes. In this chapter, we have reviewed some of the more recent findings in gal that continues to reveal unexpected but important mechanistic details. Since the operon is transcribed from two overlapping promoters, P1 and P2, regulated by common regulatory factors, each genetic or biochemical experiment allowed simultaneous discernment of two promoters. Recent studies range from genetic, biochemical through biophysical experiments providing explanations at physiological, mechanistic and single molecule levels. The salient observations highlighted here are: the axiom of determining transcription start points, discovery of a new promoter element different from the known ones that influences promoter strength, occurrence of an intrinsic DNA sequence element that overrides the transcription elongation pause created by a DNA-bound protein roadblock, first observation of a DNA loop and determination its trajectory, and piggybacking proteins and delivering to their DNA target.http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782activationrepressionDNA loopingtranscriptiongalactose operon |
spellingShingle | Dale E.A. Lewis Sankar Adhya Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop Biomolecules activation repression DNA looping transcription galactose operon |
title | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop |
title_full | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop |
title_fullStr | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop |
title_full_unstemmed | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop |
title_short | Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Initiation at gal Promoters and their Multi-Level Regulation by GalR, CRP and DNA Loop |
title_sort | molecular mechanisms of transcription initiation at gal promoters and their multi level regulation by galr crp and dna loop |
topic | activation repression DNA looping transcription galactose operon |
url | http://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/5/4/2782 |
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