Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review
The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the incre...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-08-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/8/2132 |
| _version_ | 1818039503802073088 |
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| author | Khairul Azly Zahan Manabu Kano |
| author_facet | Khairul Azly Zahan Manabu Kano |
| author_sort | Khairul Azly Zahan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T07:59:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8bef359110b7492abb6fecd4325f6dcc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T07:59:40Z |
| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-8bef359110b7492abb6fecd4325f6dcc2022-12-22T01:56:48ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732018-08-01118213210.3390/en11082132en11082132Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A ReviewKhairul Azly Zahan0Manabu Kano1Department of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanThe sustainability of petroleum-based fuel supply has gained broad attention from the global community due to the increase of usage in various sectors, depletion of petroleum resources, and uncertain around crude oil market prices. Additionally, environmental problems have also arisen from the increasing emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. Therefore, the use of clean energy sources including biodiesel is crucial. Biodiesel is mainly produced from unlimited natural resources through a transesterification process. It presents various advantages over petro-diesel; for instance, it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and contains less air pollutant per net energy produced with low sulphur and aromatic content, apart from being safe. Considering the importance of this topic, this paper focuses on the use of palm oil, its by-products, and mill effluent for biodiesel production. Palm oil is known as an excellent raw material because biodiesel has similar properties to the regular petro-diesel. Due to the debate on the usage of palm oil as food versus fuel, extensive studies have been conducted to utilise its by-products and mill effluent as raw materials. This paper also discusses the properties of biodiesel, the difference between palm-biodiesel and other biodiesel sources, and the feasibility of using palm oil as a primary source for future alternative and sustainable energy sources.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/8/2132biodieselpalm oilby-productsmill effluentpropertiessustainability |
| spellingShingle | Khairul Azly Zahan Manabu Kano Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review Energies biodiesel palm oil by-products mill effluent properties sustainability |
| title | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
| title_full | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
| title_short | Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil, Its By-Products, and Mill Effluent: A Review |
| title_sort | biodiesel production from palm oil its by products and mill effluent a review |
| topic | biodiesel palm oil by-products mill effluent properties sustainability |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/8/2132 |
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