Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments

Ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), obtained from an abundant natural source, sugar, was thermochemically modified with dicyandiamide and thiourea as well as by classical oxidization with hydrogen peroxide to introduce specific surface groups. Thermochemical modifications resulted in carbon with almo...

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Main Authors: Rafał Olchowski, Emil Zięba, Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis, Ioannis Anastopoulos, Ryszard Dobrowolski, Mariusz Barczak
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-04-01
Series:Materials
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/7/1625
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author Rafał Olchowski
Emil Zięba
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis
Ioannis Anastopoulos
Ryszard Dobrowolski
Mariusz Barczak
author_facet Rafał Olchowski
Emil Zięba
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis
Ioannis Anastopoulos
Ryszard Dobrowolski
Mariusz Barczak
author_sort Rafał Olchowski
collection DOAJ
description Ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), obtained from an abundant natural source, sugar, was thermochemically modified with dicyandiamide and thiourea as well as by classical oxidization with hydrogen peroxide to introduce specific surface groups. Thermochemical modifications resulted in carbon with almost unchanged porosity and altered surface chemistry while porosity of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated carbon was seriously deteriorated. The obtained carbons were tested as sorbents of diclofenac, considered as one of the emerging water contaminants. Changes in porosity and surface chemistry of modified carbons resulted in significant differences with regard to the uptake of diclofenac. Dicyandiamide-modified carbon showed highest uptake of drugs, reaching 241 mg g<sup>−1</sup> that is attributed to its developed microporosity as well as surface chemistry composed of basic groups facilitating electrostatic interactions with diclofenac anions. Desorption study showed that diclofenac is strongly bonded, albeit with a different degree depending on the modification of the CMK-carbon. The obtained results were compared with up-to-date literature regarding sorption of diclofenac by carbon-based sorbents.
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spelling doaj.art-8bf09e5a1fbb4eba8e51ce924256eb8d2023-11-19T20:25:04ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442020-04-01137162510.3390/ma13071625Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic EnvironmentsRafał Olchowski0Emil Zięba1Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis2Ioannis Anastopoulos3Ryszard Dobrowolski4Mariusz Barczak5Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, PolandConfocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Sq. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54-124 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, CyprusDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 20-031 Lublin, PolandOrdered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3), obtained from an abundant natural source, sugar, was thermochemically modified with dicyandiamide and thiourea as well as by classical oxidization with hydrogen peroxide to introduce specific surface groups. Thermochemical modifications resulted in carbon with almost unchanged porosity and altered surface chemistry while porosity of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-treated carbon was seriously deteriorated. The obtained carbons were tested as sorbents of diclofenac, considered as one of the emerging water contaminants. Changes in porosity and surface chemistry of modified carbons resulted in significant differences with regard to the uptake of diclofenac. Dicyandiamide-modified carbon showed highest uptake of drugs, reaching 241 mg g<sup>−1</sup> that is attributed to its developed microporosity as well as surface chemistry composed of basic groups facilitating electrostatic interactions with diclofenac anions. Desorption study showed that diclofenac is strongly bonded, albeit with a different degree depending on the modification of the CMK-carbon. The obtained results were compared with up-to-date literature regarding sorption of diclofenac by carbon-based sorbents.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/7/1625mesoporous carbonbioresourceswater remediationadsorptionpharmaceuticals
spellingShingle Rafał Olchowski
Emil Zięba
Dimitrios A. Giannakoudakis
Ioannis Anastopoulos
Ryszard Dobrowolski
Mariusz Barczak
Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
Materials
mesoporous carbon
bioresources
water remediation
adsorption
pharmaceuticals
title Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
title_full Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
title_fullStr Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
title_full_unstemmed Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
title_short Tailoring Surface Chemistry of Sugar-Derived Ordered Mesoporous Carbons towards Efficient Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments
title_sort tailoring surface chemistry of sugar derived ordered mesoporous carbons towards efficient removal of diclofenac from aquatic environments
topic mesoporous carbon
bioresources
water remediation
adsorption
pharmaceuticals
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/7/1625
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