Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)
A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids w...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-07-01
|
| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/7/759 |
| _version_ | 1827618729338339328 |
|---|---|
| author | Nicola Pusterla Kaitlyn James Samantha Barnum Fairfield Bain D. Craig Barnett Duane Chappell Earl Gaughan Bryant Craig Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala |
| author_facet | Nicola Pusterla Kaitlyn James Samantha Barnum Fairfield Bain D. Craig Barnett Duane Chappell Earl Gaughan Bryant Craig Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala |
| author_sort | Nicola Pusterla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and <i>Streptococcus equi</i> subspecies <i>equi</i> (<i>S. equi</i>). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by <i>S. equi</i> (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:13:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8c27653ded3e4ec0a3d96a9095c59b0e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T10:13:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-8c27653ded3e4ec0a3d96a9095c59b0e2023-12-01T22:32:37ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-07-0111775910.3390/pathogens11070759Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)Nicola Pusterla0Kaitlyn James1Samantha Barnum2Fairfield Bain3D. Craig Barnett4Duane Chappell5Earl Gaughan6Bryant Craig7Chrissie Schneider8Wendy Vaala9Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USADepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAA voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and <i>Streptococcus equi</i> subspecies <i>equi</i> (<i>S. equi</i>). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by <i>S. equi</i> (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/7/759upper respiratory tract infectionviruses and bacteriafrequencyprevalence factorsqPCRequids |
| spellingShingle | Nicola Pusterla Kaitlyn James Samantha Barnum Fairfield Bain D. Craig Barnett Duane Chappell Earl Gaughan Bryant Craig Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) Pathogens upper respiratory tract infection viruses and bacteria frequency prevalence factors qPCR equids |
| title | Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) |
| title_full | Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) |
| title_fullStr | Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) |
| title_short | Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021) |
| title_sort | frequency of detection and prevalence factors associated with common respiratory pathogens in equids with acute onset of fever and or respiratory signs 2008 2021 |
| topic | upper respiratory tract infection viruses and bacteria frequency prevalence factors qPCR equids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/7/759 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicolapusterla frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT kaitlynjames frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT samanthabarnum frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT fairfieldbain frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT dcraigbarnett frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT duanechappell frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT earlgaughan frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT bryantcraig frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT chrissieschneider frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 AT wendyvaala frequencyofdetectionandprevalencefactorsassociatedwithcommonrespiratorypathogensinequidswithacuteonsetoffeverandorrespiratorysigns20082021 |