Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells
Despite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336/full |
| _version_ | 1819041477925273600 |
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| author | Christophe Paget Christophe Paget François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein |
| author_facet | Christophe Paget Christophe Paget François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein |
| author_sort | Christophe Paget |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in the aftermath of influenza virus infection, and contribute substantially to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Here, we review the main features of influenza viruses and current knowledge about the mechanical and immune mechanisms that underlie post-influenza secondary bacterial infections. We present the emerging literature describing the role of “innate-like” unconventional T cells in post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Unconventional T cell populations span the border between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and are prevalent in mucosal tissues (including the airways). They mainly comprise Natural Killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the principal functions that these cells play in pulmonary barrier functions and immunity, highlighting their unique ability to sense environmental factors and promote protection against respiratory bacterial infections. We focus on two major opportunistic pathogens involved in superinfections, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. We discuss mechanisms through which influenza viruses alter the antibacterial activity of unconventional T cells. Lastly, we discuss recent fundamental advances and possible therapeutic approaches in which unconventional T cells would be targeted to prevent post-influenza bacterial superinfections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T09:25:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8c554ef15fc04d7a99ff95ffd136afd1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T09:25:37Z |
| publishDate | 2019-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-8c554ef15fc04d7a99ff95ffd136afd12022-12-21T19:08:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242019-03-011010.3389/fimmu.2019.00336416267Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T CellsChristophe Paget0Christophe Paget1François Trottein2François Trottein3François Trottein4François Trottein5François Trottein6Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Tours, FranceFaculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, Tours, FranceU1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, FranceInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, FranceCentre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Lille, Lille, FranceInstitut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, FranceDespite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in the aftermath of influenza virus infection, and contribute substantially to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Here, we review the main features of influenza viruses and current knowledge about the mechanical and immune mechanisms that underlie post-influenza secondary bacterial infections. We present the emerging literature describing the role of “innate-like” unconventional T cells in post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Unconventional T cell populations span the border between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and are prevalent in mucosal tissues (including the airways). They mainly comprise Natural Killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the principal functions that these cells play in pulmonary barrier functions and immunity, highlighting their unique ability to sense environmental factors and promote protection against respiratory bacterial infections. We focus on two major opportunistic pathogens involved in superinfections, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. We discuss mechanisms through which influenza viruses alter the antibacterial activity of unconventional T cells. Lastly, we discuss recent fundamental advances and possible therapeutic approaches in which unconventional T cells would be targeted to prevent post-influenza bacterial superinfections.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336/fullunconventional T cellsinfluenza A virussecondary bacterial infectionStreptococcus pneumoniaeStaphylococcus aureusimmune suppression |
| spellingShingle | Christophe Paget Christophe Paget François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein François Trottein Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells Frontiers in Immunology unconventional T cells influenza A virus secondary bacterial infection Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus immune suppression |
| title | Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells |
| title_full | Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells |
| title_short | Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells |
| title_sort | mechanisms of bacterial superinfection post influenza a role for unconventional t cells |
| topic | unconventional T cells influenza A virus secondary bacterial infection Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus immune suppression |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336/full |
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