Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck
Abstract Background Birds have highly mobile necks, but neither the details of how they realize complex poses nor the evolution of this complex musculoskeletal system is well-understood. Most previous work on avian neck function has focused on dorsoventral flexion, with few studies quantifying later...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Zoology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12983-017-0223-z |
| _version_ | 1819052918258532352 |
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| author | Robert E. Kambic Andrew A. Biewener Stephanie E. Pierce |
| author_facet | Robert E. Kambic Andrew A. Biewener Stephanie E. Pierce |
| author_sort | Robert E. Kambic |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Birds have highly mobile necks, but neither the details of how they realize complex poses nor the evolution of this complex musculoskeletal system is well-understood. Most previous work on avian neck function has focused on dorsoventral flexion, with few studies quantifying lateroflexion or axial rotation. Such data are critical for understanding joint function, as musculoskeletal movements incorporate motion around multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously. Here we use biplanar X-rays on wild turkeys to quantify three-dimensional cervical joint range of motion in an avian neck to determine patterns of mobility along the cranial-caudal axis. Results Range of motion can be generalized to a three-region model: cranial joints are ventroflexed with high axial and lateral mobility, caudal joints are dorsiflexed with little axial rotation but high lateroflexion, and middle joints show varying amounts axial rotation and a low degree of lateroflexion. Nonetheless, variation within and between regions is high. To attain complex poses, substantial axial rotation can occur at joints caudal to the atlas/axis complex and zygapophyseal joints can reduce their overlap almost to osteological disarticulation. Degrees of freedom interact at cervical joints; maximum lateroflexion occurs at different dorsoventral flexion angles at different joints, and axial rotation and lateroflexion are strongly coupled. Further, patterns of joint mobility are strongly predicted by cervical morphology. Conclusion Birds attain complex neck poses through a combination of mobile intervertebral joints, coupled rotations, and highly flexible zygapophyseal joints. Cranial-caudal patterns of joint mobility are tightly linked to cervical morphology, such that function can be predicted by form. The technique employed here provides a repeatable protocol for studying neck function in a broad array of taxa that will be directly comparable. It also serves as a foundation for future work on the evolution of neck mobility along the line from non-avian theropod dinosaurs to birds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T12:27:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8cb81499a3f045f392d7ae040faea766 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1742-9994 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T12:27:28Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Zoology |
| spelling | doaj.art-8cb81499a3f045f392d7ae040faea7662022-12-21T19:04:08ZengBMCFrontiers in Zoology1742-99942017-07-0114111510.1186/s12983-017-0223-zExperimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neckRobert E. Kambic0Andrew A. Biewener1Stephanie E. Pierce2Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityConcord Field Station, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityAbstract Background Birds have highly mobile necks, but neither the details of how they realize complex poses nor the evolution of this complex musculoskeletal system is well-understood. Most previous work on avian neck function has focused on dorsoventral flexion, with few studies quantifying lateroflexion or axial rotation. Such data are critical for understanding joint function, as musculoskeletal movements incorporate motion around multiple degrees of freedom simultaneously. Here we use biplanar X-rays on wild turkeys to quantify three-dimensional cervical joint range of motion in an avian neck to determine patterns of mobility along the cranial-caudal axis. Results Range of motion can be generalized to a three-region model: cranial joints are ventroflexed with high axial and lateral mobility, caudal joints are dorsiflexed with little axial rotation but high lateroflexion, and middle joints show varying amounts axial rotation and a low degree of lateroflexion. Nonetheless, variation within and between regions is high. To attain complex poses, substantial axial rotation can occur at joints caudal to the atlas/axis complex and zygapophyseal joints can reduce their overlap almost to osteological disarticulation. Degrees of freedom interact at cervical joints; maximum lateroflexion occurs at different dorsoventral flexion angles at different joints, and axial rotation and lateroflexion are strongly coupled. Further, patterns of joint mobility are strongly predicted by cervical morphology. Conclusion Birds attain complex neck poses through a combination of mobile intervertebral joints, coupled rotations, and highly flexible zygapophyseal joints. Cranial-caudal patterns of joint mobility are tightly linked to cervical morphology, such that function can be predicted by form. The technique employed here provides a repeatable protocol for studying neck function in a broad array of taxa that will be directly comparable. It also serves as a foundation for future work on the evolution of neck mobility along the line from non-avian theropod dinosaurs to birds.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12983-017-0223-zFunctionMobilityXROMMAvianBirdAnatomy |
| spellingShingle | Robert E. Kambic Andrew A. Biewener Stephanie E. Pierce Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck Frontiers in Zoology Function Mobility XROMM Avian Bird Anatomy |
| title | Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| title_full | Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| title_fullStr | Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| title_short | Experimental determination of three-dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| title_sort | experimental determination of three dimensional cervical joint mobility in the avian neck |
| topic | Function Mobility XROMM Avian Bird Anatomy |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12983-017-0223-z |
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