Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications
Metallic biomaterials are widely used for implants and dental and orthopedic applications due to their good mechanical properties. Among all these materials, 316L stainless steel has gained special attention, because of its good characteristics as an implantable biomaterial. However, the Young’s mod...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Metals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/11/12/1923 |
| _version_ | 1797502525183623168 |
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| author | Bruna Horta Bastos Kuffner Patricia Capellato Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro Daniela Sachs Gilbert Silva |
| author_facet | Bruna Horta Bastos Kuffner Patricia Capellato Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro Daniela Sachs Gilbert Silva |
| author_sort | Bruna Horta Bastos Kuffner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metallic biomaterials are widely used for implants and dental and orthopedic applications due to their good mechanical properties. Among all these materials, 316L stainless steel has gained special attention, because of its good characteristics as an implantable biomaterial. However, the Young’s modulus of this metal is much higher than that of human bone (~193 GPa compared to 5–30 GPa). Thus, a stress shielding effect can occur, leading the implant to fail. In addition, due to this difference, the bond between implant and surrounding tissue is weak. Already, calcium phosphate ceramics, such as beta-tricalcium phosphate, have shown excellent osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. However, they present low mechanical strength. For this reason, this study aimed to combine 316L stainless steel with the beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (β-TCP), with the objective of improving the steel’s biological performance and the ceramic’s mechanical strength. The 316L stainless steel/β-TCP biocomposites were produced using powder metallurgy and functionally graded materials (FGMs) techniques. Initially, β-TCP was obtained by solid-state reaction using powders of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. The forerunner materials were analyzed microstructurally. Pure 316L stainless steel and β-TCP were individually submitted to temperature tests (1000 and 1100 °C) to determine the best condition. Blended compositions used to obtain the FGMs were defined as 20% to 20%. They were homogenized in a high-energy ball mill, uniaxially pressed, sintered and analyzed microstructurally and mechanically. The results indicated that 1100 °C/2 h was the best sintering condition, for both 316L stainless steel and β-TCP. For all individual compositions and the FGM composite, the parameters used for pressing and sintering were appropriate to produce samples with good microstructural and mechanical properties. Wettability and hemocompatibility were also achieved efficiently, with no presence of contaminants. All results indicated that the production of 316L stainless steel/β-TCP FGMs through PM is viable for dental and orthopedic purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:34:19Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4701 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:34:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Metals |
| spelling | doaj.art-8cc05e23c3d24685ad4003a9eee7b9ae2023-11-23T09:33:00ZengMDPI AGMetals2075-47012021-11-011112192310.3390/met11121923Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic ApplicationsBruna Horta Bastos Kuffner0Patricia Capellato1Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro2Daniela Sachs3Gilbert Silva4Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Unifei—Federal University of Itajubá. Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, BrazilInstitute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei—Federal University of Itajubá. Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, BrazilInstitute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei—Federal University of Itajubá. Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, BrazilInstitute of Physics and Chemistry, Unifei—Federal University of Itajubá. Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, BrazilInstitute of Mechanical Engineering, Unifei—Federal University of Itajubá. Av. BPS, 1303, Itajubá 37500-903, BrazilMetallic biomaterials are widely used for implants and dental and orthopedic applications due to their good mechanical properties. Among all these materials, 316L stainless steel has gained special attention, because of its good characteristics as an implantable biomaterial. However, the Young’s modulus of this metal is much higher than that of human bone (~193 GPa compared to 5–30 GPa). Thus, a stress shielding effect can occur, leading the implant to fail. In addition, due to this difference, the bond between implant and surrounding tissue is weak. Already, calcium phosphate ceramics, such as beta-tricalcium phosphate, have shown excellent osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. However, they present low mechanical strength. For this reason, this study aimed to combine 316L stainless steel with the beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (β-TCP), with the objective of improving the steel’s biological performance and the ceramic’s mechanical strength. The 316L stainless steel/β-TCP biocomposites were produced using powder metallurgy and functionally graded materials (FGMs) techniques. Initially, β-TCP was obtained by solid-state reaction using powders of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. The forerunner materials were analyzed microstructurally. Pure 316L stainless steel and β-TCP were individually submitted to temperature tests (1000 and 1100 °C) to determine the best condition. Blended compositions used to obtain the FGMs were defined as 20% to 20%. They were homogenized in a high-energy ball mill, uniaxially pressed, sintered and analyzed microstructurally and mechanically. The results indicated that 1100 °C/2 h was the best sintering condition, for both 316L stainless steel and β-TCP. For all individual compositions and the FGM composite, the parameters used for pressing and sintering were appropriate to produce samples with good microstructural and mechanical properties. Wettability and hemocompatibility were also achieved efficiently, with no presence of contaminants. All results indicated that the production of 316L stainless steel/β-TCP FGMs through PM is viable for dental and orthopedic purposes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/11/12/1923316L stainless steelbeta-tricalcium phosphatebiomaterialspowder metallurgyfunctionally graded materials |
| spellingShingle | Bruna Horta Bastos Kuffner Patricia Capellato Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro Daniela Sachs Gilbert Silva Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications Metals 316L stainless steel beta-tricalcium phosphate biomaterials powder metallurgy functionally graded materials |
| title | Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications |
| title_full | Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications |
| title_fullStr | Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications |
| title_short | Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications |
| title_sort | production and characterization of a 316l stainless steel β tcp biocomposite using the functionally graded materials fgms technique for dental and orthopedic applications |
| topic | 316L stainless steel beta-tricalcium phosphate biomaterials powder metallurgy functionally graded materials |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/11/12/1923 |
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