Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions
Abstract Pink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exog...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93727-2 |
| _version_ | 1818992918440968192 |
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| author | P. Lakshmi Soujanya J. C. Sekhar C. V. Ratnavathi Chikkappa G. Karjagi E. Shobha S. B. Suby K. R. Yathish N. Sunil Sujay Rakshit |
| author_facet | P. Lakshmi Soujanya J. C. Sekhar C. V. Ratnavathi Chikkappa G. Karjagi E. Shobha S. B. Suby K. R. Yathish N. Sunil Sujay Rakshit |
| author_sort | P. Lakshmi Soujanya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Pink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T20:33:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8ce0da5033284434b57b1bc3ade5f8b2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T20:33:48Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-8ce0da5033284434b57b1bc3ade5f8b22022-12-21T19:27:18ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222021-07-0111111010.1038/s41598-021-93727-2Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactionsP. Lakshmi Soujanya0J. C. Sekhar1C. V. Ratnavathi2Chikkappa G. Karjagi3E. Shobha4S. B. Suby5K. R. Yathish6N. Sunil7Sujay Rakshit8Winter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize ResearchWinter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize ResearchICAR-Indian Institute of Millets ResearchUnit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Delhi UnitICAR-Indian Institute of Millets ResearchUnit Office, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Delhi UnitWinter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize ResearchWinter Nursery Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize ResearchICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, PAU CampusAbstract Pink stem borer (PSB) causes considerable yield losses to maize. Plant–insect interactions have significant implications for sustainable pest management. The present study demonstrated that PSB feeding, mechanical wounding, a combination of mechanical wounding and PSB regurgitation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate have induced phenolic compound mediated defense responses both at short term (within 2 days of treatment) and long term (in 15 days of treatment) in leaf and stalk tissues of maize. The quantification of two major defense related phenolic compounds namely p-Coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA) was carried out through ultra-fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) at 2 and 15 days after imposing the above treatments. The p-CA content induced in leaf tissues of maize genotypes were intrinsically higher when challenged by PSB attack at V3 and V6 stages in short- and long-term responses. Higher p-CA content was observed in stalk tissues upon wounding and regurgitation in short- and long-term responses at V3 and V6 stages. Significant accumulation of FA content was also observed in leaf tissues in response to PSB feeding at V3 stage in long-term response while at V6 stage it was observed both in short- and long-term responses. In stalk tissues, methyl jasmonate induced higher FA content in short-term response at V3 stage. However, at V6 stage PSB feeding induced FA accumulation in the short-term while, wounding and regurgitation treatment-induced defense responses in the long-term. In general, the resistant (DMRE 63, CM 500) and moderately resistant genotypes (WNZ ExoticPool) accumulated significantly higher contents of p-CA and FA content than susceptible ones (CM 202, BML 6) in most of the cases. The study indicates that phenolic mediated defense responses in maize are induced by PSB attack followed by wounding and regurgitation compared to the other induced treatments. Furthermore, the study confirmed that induced defense responses vary with plant genotype, stage of crop growth, plant tissue and short and long-term responses. The results of the study suggested that the Phenolic acids i.e. p-CA and FA may contribute to maize resistance mechanisms in the maize-PSB interaction system.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93727-2 |
| spellingShingle | P. Lakshmi Soujanya J. C. Sekhar C. V. Ratnavathi Chikkappa G. Karjagi E. Shobha S. B. Suby K. R. Yathish N. Sunil Sujay Rakshit Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions Scientific Reports |
| title | Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions |
| title_full | Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions |
| title_fullStr | Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions |
| title_short | Induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer (Sesamia inferens Walker) and non-insect interactions |
| title_sort | induction of cell wall phenolic monomers as part of direct defense response in maize to pink stem borer sesamia inferens walker and non insect interactions |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93727-2 |
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