Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology
In the present study, calcined phosphate rock was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Response surface methodology was used to optimize and determine the significant process variables that affected the experiment. A 5-level-4 factor Central composi...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sciendo
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental and Climate Technologies |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0062 |
| _version_ | 1811171378104107008 |
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| author | Kiprono Janet Rutto Hilary Seodigeng Tumisang |
| author_facet | Kiprono Janet Rutto Hilary Seodigeng Tumisang |
| author_sort | Kiprono Janet |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present study, calcined phosphate rock was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Response surface methodology was used to optimize and determine the significant process variables that affected the experiment. A 5-level-4 factor Central composite design consisting of 30 experiments was used to develop a quadratic polynomial model. The following parameters were optimized, namely, reaction temperature (40–90 °C), catalyst to oil weight ratio (1–5 %), reaction time (40–120 min), and methanol to oil ratio (10:1–18:1). Maximum biodiesel yield of 96.07 % was obtained through numerical optimization at reaction temperature 62.63 °C, catalyst to oil weight ratio of 3.32 %, reaction time 79.07 min, and alcohol to oil ratio 14.79:1. Fourier transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) analysis was used to characterize the phosphate rock in its raw form, after calcination at 1000 °C and after the first and the fourth reuse cycle. According to the American society for testing and material (ASTM D6751), the fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, cloud point, and density were measured and were found to be within the stipulated range. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:13:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8cea5f7360c445cb95c5f2b494bf3db0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2255-8837 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:13:04Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Sciendo |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental and Climate Technologies |
| spelling | doaj.art-8cea5f7360c445cb95c5f2b494bf3db02023-02-05T19:46:42ZengSciendoEnvironmental and Climate Technologies2255-88372022-01-0126182283510.2478/rtuect-2022-0062Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response MethodologyKiprono Janet0Rutto Hilary1Seodigeng Tumisang2Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, South AfricaClean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, South AfricaClean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, South AfricaIn the present study, calcined phosphate rock was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Response surface methodology was used to optimize and determine the significant process variables that affected the experiment. A 5-level-4 factor Central composite design consisting of 30 experiments was used to develop a quadratic polynomial model. The following parameters were optimized, namely, reaction temperature (40–90 °C), catalyst to oil weight ratio (1–5 %), reaction time (40–120 min), and methanol to oil ratio (10:1–18:1). Maximum biodiesel yield of 96.07 % was obtained through numerical optimization at reaction temperature 62.63 °C, catalyst to oil weight ratio of 3.32 %, reaction time 79.07 min, and alcohol to oil ratio 14.79:1. Fourier transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) analysis was used to characterize the phosphate rock in its raw form, after calcination at 1000 °C and after the first and the fourth reuse cycle. According to the American society for testing and material (ASTM D6751), the fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, pour point, cloud point, and density were measured and were found to be within the stipulated range.https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0062biodieselcalcinationcentral composite designphosphate rocktransesterification |
| spellingShingle | Kiprono Janet Rutto Hilary Seodigeng Tumisang Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology Environmental and Climate Technologies biodiesel calcination central composite design phosphate rock transesterification |
| title | Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology |
| title_full | Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology |
| title_fullStr | Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology |
| title_short | Production of Biodiesel Using Phosphate Rock as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. An Optimized Process Using Surface Response Methodology |
| title_sort | production of biodiesel using phosphate rock as a heterogeneous catalyst an optimized process using surface response methodology |
| topic | biodiesel calcination central composite design phosphate rock transesterification |
| url | https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2022-0062 |
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