Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>
Mushrooms have unique properties in arsenic metabolism. In many commercial and wild-grown mushrooms, arsenobetaine (AsB), a non-toxic arsenical, was found as the dominant arsenic species. The AsB biosynthesis remains unknown, so we designed experiments to study conditions for AsB formation in the wh...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/10/554 |
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| author | Owen Dong Michael Powers Zijuan Liu Masafumi Yoshinaga |
| author_facet | Owen Dong Michael Powers Zijuan Liu Masafumi Yoshinaga |
| author_sort | Owen Dong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mushrooms have unique properties in arsenic metabolism. In many commercial and wild-grown mushrooms, arsenobetaine (AsB), a non-toxic arsenical, was found as the dominant arsenic species. The AsB biosynthesis remains unknown, so we designed experiments to study conditions for AsB formation in the white button mushroom, <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>. The mushrooms were treated with various arsenic species including arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), methylarsenate (MAs(V)), dimethylarsenate (DMAs(V)) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAsO), and their accumulation and metabolism were determined using inductively coupled mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS), respectively. Our results showed that mycelia have a higher accumulation for inorganic arsenicals while fruiting bodies showed higher accumulation for methylated arsenic species. Two major arsenic metabolites were produced in fruiting bodies: DMAs(V) and AsB. Among tested arsenicals, only MAs(V) was methylated to DMAs(V). Surprisingly, AsB was only detected as the major arsenic product when TMAsO was supplied. Additionally, AsB was only detected in the fruiting body, but not mycelium, suggesting that methylated products were transported to the fruiting body for arsenobetaine formation. Overall, our results support that methylation and AsB formation are two connected pathways where trimethylated arsenic is the optimal precursor for AsB formation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:25:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8d0607ad46094560b84217d2fe1682fe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:25:57Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d0607ad46094560b84217d2fe1682fe2023-11-24T02:56:57ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-09-01101055410.3390/toxics10100554Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>Owen Dong0Michael Powers1Zijuan Liu2Masafumi Yoshinaga3Rochester Adams High School, Rochester, MI 48306, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USADepartment of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USAMushrooms have unique properties in arsenic metabolism. In many commercial and wild-grown mushrooms, arsenobetaine (AsB), a non-toxic arsenical, was found as the dominant arsenic species. The AsB biosynthesis remains unknown, so we designed experiments to study conditions for AsB formation in the white button mushroom, <i>Agaricus bisporus</i>. The mushrooms were treated with various arsenic species including arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), methylarsenate (MAs(V)), dimethylarsenate (DMAs(V)) and trimethylarsine oxide (TMAsO), and their accumulation and metabolism were determined using inductively coupled mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS), respectively. Our results showed that mycelia have a higher accumulation for inorganic arsenicals while fruiting bodies showed higher accumulation for methylated arsenic species. Two major arsenic metabolites were produced in fruiting bodies: DMAs(V) and AsB. Among tested arsenicals, only MAs(V) was methylated to DMAs(V). Surprisingly, AsB was only detected as the major arsenic product when TMAsO was supplied. Additionally, AsB was only detected in the fruiting body, but not mycelium, suggesting that methylated products were transported to the fruiting body for arsenobetaine formation. Overall, our results support that methylation and AsB formation are two connected pathways where trimethylated arsenic is the optimal precursor for AsB formation.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/10/554arsenictoxicitymushroommetabolismmethylation<i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| spellingShingle | Owen Dong Michael Powers Zijuan Liu Masafumi Yoshinaga Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> Toxics arsenic toxicity mushroom metabolism methylation <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title | Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_full | Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_fullStr | Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_short | Arsenic Metabolism, Toxicity and Accumulation in the White Button Mushroom <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| title_sort | arsenic metabolism toxicity and accumulation in the white button mushroom i agaricus bisporus i |
| topic | arsenic toxicity mushroom metabolism methylation <i>Agaricus bisporus</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/10/554 |
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