Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk
The ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract, named gut microbiota, represents the most thoroughly mapped ecosystem. Perturbations on bacterial populations cause dysbiosis, a condition correlated to a wide range of autoimmune, neurological, metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. T...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1764 |
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| author | Kalliopi D. Synodinou Maroulla D. Nikolaki Konstantinos Triantafyllou Arezina N. Kasti |
| author_facet | Kalliopi D. Synodinou Maroulla D. Nikolaki Konstantinos Triantafyllou Arezina N. Kasti |
| author_sort | Kalliopi D. Synodinou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract, named gut microbiota, represents the most thoroughly mapped ecosystem. Perturbations on bacterial populations cause dysbiosis, a condition correlated to a wide range of autoimmune, neurological, metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. The lungs have their flora, which are directly related to the gut flora via bidirectional communication allowing the transport of microbial metabolites and toxins produced by intestinal bacteria through the circulation and lymphatic system. This mutual microbial cross-talk communication called the gut–lung axis modulates the immune and inflammatory response to infections. COVID-19 causes dysbiosis, altered intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Dysbiosis, through the gut–lung axis, promotes hyper-inflammation, exacerbates lung damage, and worsens clinical outcomes. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that probiotics can regulate cytokine secretion, thus affecting both nonspecific and specific immunity. Probiotics act by blocking the virus from invading and proliferating in host cells, by stimulating the immune response, and by suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Herein, we reviewed the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the effect of probiotics administration on the immune response to COVID-19 infection by targeting the gut–lung axis microbial cross-talk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:06:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8d06e60ea36f4d93a42b53ebd1d22f3c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:06:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d06e60ea36f4d93a42b53ebd1d22f3c2023-11-23T17:52:50ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072022-08-01109176410.3390/microorganisms10091764Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-TalkKalliopi D. Synodinou0Maroulla D. Nikolaki1Konstantinos Triantafyllou2Arezina N. Kasti3Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, GreeceHepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University, 12462 Athens, GreeceDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, GreeceThe ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal tract, named gut microbiota, represents the most thoroughly mapped ecosystem. Perturbations on bacterial populations cause dysbiosis, a condition correlated to a wide range of autoimmune, neurological, metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. The lungs have their flora, which are directly related to the gut flora via bidirectional communication allowing the transport of microbial metabolites and toxins produced by intestinal bacteria through the circulation and lymphatic system. This mutual microbial cross-talk communication called the gut–lung axis modulates the immune and inflammatory response to infections. COVID-19 causes dysbiosis, altered intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Dysbiosis, through the gut–lung axis, promotes hyper-inflammation, exacerbates lung damage, and worsens clinical outcomes. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that probiotics can regulate cytokine secretion, thus affecting both nonspecific and specific immunity. Probiotics act by blocking the virus from invading and proliferating in host cells, by stimulating the immune response, and by suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Herein, we reviewed the evidence from preclinical and clinical studies evaluating the effect of probiotics administration on the immune response to COVID-19 infection by targeting the gut–lung axis microbial cross-talk.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1764SARS-CoV-2gut–lung axisimmunomodulationprobioticsbacteriocins |
| spellingShingle | Kalliopi D. Synodinou Maroulla D. Nikolaki Konstantinos Triantafyllou Arezina N. Kasti Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk Microorganisms SARS-CoV-2 gut–lung axis immunomodulation probiotics bacteriocins |
| title | Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk |
| title_full | Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk |
| title_fullStr | Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk |
| title_short | Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on COVID-19 Infection by Targeting the Gut–Lung Axis Microbial Cross-Talk |
| title_sort | immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on covid 19 infection by targeting the gut lung axis microbial cross talk |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 gut–lung axis immunomodulation probiotics bacteriocins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/9/1764 |
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