Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea)
The Southern Ocean is an important atmospheric carbon sink, and potential changes in the carbon flux in this region will affect the ocean as a whole. Thus, to monitor the variability of its physico-chemical parameters is becoming a priority. This study provides the first high-resolution all-year-rou...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Minerals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/4/374 |
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| author | Chiara Lombardi Piotr Kuklinski Andrea Bordone Edoardo Spirandelli Giancarlo Raiteri |
| author_facet | Chiara Lombardi Piotr Kuklinski Andrea Bordone Edoardo Spirandelli Giancarlo Raiteri |
| author_sort | Chiara Lombardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Southern Ocean is an important atmospheric carbon sink, and potential changes in the carbon flux in this region will affect the ocean as a whole. Thus, to monitor the variability of its physico-chemical parameters is becoming a priority. This study provides the first high-resolution all-year-round record of observed and computed physico-chemical data from a shallow coastal site in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). From November 2018 to November 2019, an underwater observatory deployed at a 25 m depth under an ice pack recorded pressure (<i>p</i>), temperature (<i>t</i>), electrical conductivity (<i>C</i>), dissolved oxygen (<i>DO</i>), pH in total scale (pH<sub>T</sub>), and illuminance (<i>E</i><sub>v</sub>). Practical salinity (<i>S</i><sub>P</sub>), density (ρ), tidal constituents, carbonate system parameters (total alkalinity (TA), carbon dioxide partial pressure (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>), calcite, and aragonite (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>, Ω<sub>Ar</sub>)), together with sea ice concentration (<i>SIC</i>) and chlorophyll-a (<i>Chl</i>-a), were derived from measured and satellite data. <i>t</i>, <i>DO</i>, and pH<sub>T</sub> displayed the lowest values between July and November (–1.95 °C, 6.61 mL L<sup>−1</sup>, 7.97) whereas the highest in January (+1.08 °C, 10.61 mL L<sup>−1</sup>, 8.35). <i>S</i><sub>P</sub> had the lowest values (33.72 PSU) in February and the highest (34.87 PSU) in September. <i>E</i><sub>v</sub> peaked in March (201 lux), with the highest values (>50 lux) in correspondence to the lowest values of <i>SIC</i> and a delayed trend, between December and March, with respect to <i>Chl</i>-a values (0.2–1.1 mg m<sup>−3</sup>). Ω<sub>Ca</sub> and Ω<sub>Ar</sub> showed their highest average monthly values (±s.d.) in January (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>: 3.41 ± 0.27; Ω<sub>Ar</sub>: 2.14 ± 0.17), when <i>DO</i> had maximum values. The lowest Ω occurred in September (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>: 2.11 ± 0.02; Ω<sub>Ar</sub>: 1.32 ± 0.02), at the end of phytoplankton activity. No undersaturation for both calcite and aragonite was recorded during the study period. This study highlights that biological activities and physico-chemical variables of the investigated shallow coastal site are coupled and, in many cases, influence each other. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:44Z |
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| id | doaj.art-8d55d61e4c78420eb88bf3f6213898cd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-163X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
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| series | Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d55d61e4c78420eb88bf3f6213898cd2023-11-21T13:56:41ZengMDPI AGMinerals2075-163X2021-04-0111437410.3390/min11040374Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea)Chiara Lombardi0Piotr Kuklinski1Andrea Bordone2Edoardo Spirandelli3Giancarlo Raiteri4Marine Environment Research Centre of S. Teresa, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 19032 Lerici, ItalyDepartment of Marine Ecology, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, PolandMarine Environment Research Centre of S. Teresa, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 19032 Lerici, ItalyInstitute of Marine Engineering, CNR (Italian National Research Council), 16149 Genova, ItalyMarine Environment Research Centre of S. Teresa, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 19032 Lerici, ItalyThe Southern Ocean is an important atmospheric carbon sink, and potential changes in the carbon flux in this region will affect the ocean as a whole. Thus, to monitor the variability of its physico-chemical parameters is becoming a priority. This study provides the first high-resolution all-year-round record of observed and computed physico-chemical data from a shallow coastal site in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea). From November 2018 to November 2019, an underwater observatory deployed at a 25 m depth under an ice pack recorded pressure (<i>p</i>), temperature (<i>t</i>), electrical conductivity (<i>C</i>), dissolved oxygen (<i>DO</i>), pH in total scale (pH<sub>T</sub>), and illuminance (<i>E</i><sub>v</sub>). Practical salinity (<i>S</i><sub>P</sub>), density (ρ), tidal constituents, carbonate system parameters (total alkalinity (TA), carbon dioxide partial pressure (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>), calcite, and aragonite (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>, Ω<sub>Ar</sub>)), together with sea ice concentration (<i>SIC</i>) and chlorophyll-a (<i>Chl</i>-a), were derived from measured and satellite data. <i>t</i>, <i>DO</i>, and pH<sub>T</sub> displayed the lowest values between July and November (–1.95 °C, 6.61 mL L<sup>−1</sup>, 7.97) whereas the highest in January (+1.08 °C, 10.61 mL L<sup>−1</sup>, 8.35). <i>S</i><sub>P</sub> had the lowest values (33.72 PSU) in February and the highest (34.87 PSU) in September. <i>E</i><sub>v</sub> peaked in March (201 lux), with the highest values (>50 lux) in correspondence to the lowest values of <i>SIC</i> and a delayed trend, between December and March, with respect to <i>Chl</i>-a values (0.2–1.1 mg m<sup>−3</sup>). Ω<sub>Ca</sub> and Ω<sub>Ar</sub> showed their highest average monthly values (±s.d.) in January (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>: 3.41 ± 0.27; Ω<sub>Ar</sub>: 2.14 ± 0.17), when <i>DO</i> had maximum values. The lowest Ω occurred in September (Ω<sub>Ca</sub>: 2.11 ± 0.02; Ω<sub>Ar</sub>: 1.32 ± 0.02), at the end of phytoplankton activity. No undersaturation for both calcite and aragonite was recorded during the study period. This study highlights that biological activities and physico-chemical variables of the investigated shallow coastal site are coupled and, in many cases, influence each other.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/4/374Antarcticaenvironmental variabilitypH measurementunderwater observatoryconductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) probeautonomous |
| spellingShingle | Chiara Lombardi Piotr Kuklinski Andrea Bordone Edoardo Spirandelli Giancarlo Raiteri Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) Minerals Antarctica environmental variability pH measurement underwater observatory conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) probe autonomous |
| title | Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) |
| title_full | Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) |
| title_short | Assessment of Annual Physico-Chemical Variability via High-Temporal Resolution Monitoring in an Antarctic Shallow Coastal Site (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea) |
| title_sort | assessment of annual physico chemical variability via high temporal resolution monitoring in an antarctic shallow coastal site terra nova bay ross sea |
| topic | Antarctica environmental variability pH measurement underwater observatory conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) probe autonomous |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/4/374 |
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