A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation
Advancement in smartwatch sensors and connectivity features demands low latency communication with a wide bandwidth. ISM bands below 6 GHz are reaching a threshold. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is the solution for future smartwatch applications. Therefore, a compact dual-band antenna operat...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/103 |
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| author | Parveez Shariff Bhadrvathi Ghouse Pallavi R. Mane Sangeetha Thankappan Sumangala Vasanth Kumar Puttur Sameena Pathan Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala Tanweer Ali |
| author_facet | Parveez Shariff Bhadrvathi Ghouse Pallavi R. Mane Sangeetha Thankappan Sumangala Vasanth Kumar Puttur Sameena Pathan Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala Tanweer Ali |
| author_sort | Parveez Shariff Bhadrvathi Ghouse |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Advancement in smartwatch sensors and connectivity features demands low latency communication with a wide bandwidth. ISM bands below 6 GHz are reaching a threshold. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is the solution for future smartwatch applications. Therefore, a compact dual-band antenna operating at 25.5 and 38 GHz is presented here. The characteristics mode theory (CMT) aids the antenna design process by exciting Mode 1 and 2 as well as Mode 1–3 at their respective bands. In addition, the antenna structure generates two traverse modes, TM<sub>10</sub> and TM<sub>02</sub>, at the lower and higher frequency bands. The antenna measured a bandwidth (BW) of 1.5 (25–26.5 GHz) and 2.5 GHz (37–39.5 GHz) with a maximum gain of 7.4 and 7.3 dBi, respectively. The antenna performance within the watch case (stainless steel) showed a stable |S<sub>11</sub>| with a gain improvement of 9.9 and 10.9 dBi and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.063 and 0.0206 W/kg, respectively, at the lower and higher bands. The link budget analysis for various rotation angles of the watch indicated that, for a link margin of 20 dB, the antenna can transmit/receive 1 Gbps of data. However, significant fading was noticed at certain angles due to the shadowing effect caused by the watch case itself. Nonetheless, the antenna has a workable bandwidth, a high gain, and a low SAR, making it suitable for smartwatch and IoT applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:57:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8d5a3db291d34ad3a13abf0ca3be4229 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:57:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d5a3db291d34ad3a13abf0ca3be42292024-01-10T15:08:35ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-12-0124110310.3390/s24010103A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget EstimationParveez Shariff Bhadrvathi Ghouse0Pallavi R. Mane1Sangeetha Thankappan Sumangala2Vasanth Kumar Puttur3Sameena Pathan4Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala5Tanweer Ali6Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Information and Communication Technology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, IndiaAdvancement in smartwatch sensors and connectivity features demands low latency communication with a wide bandwidth. ISM bands below 6 GHz are reaching a threshold. The millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum is the solution for future smartwatch applications. Therefore, a compact dual-band antenna operating at 25.5 and 38 GHz is presented here. The characteristics mode theory (CMT) aids the antenna design process by exciting Mode 1 and 2 as well as Mode 1–3 at their respective bands. In addition, the antenna structure generates two traverse modes, TM<sub>10</sub> and TM<sub>02</sub>, at the lower and higher frequency bands. The antenna measured a bandwidth (BW) of 1.5 (25–26.5 GHz) and 2.5 GHz (37–39.5 GHz) with a maximum gain of 7.4 and 7.3 dBi, respectively. The antenna performance within the watch case (stainless steel) showed a stable |S<sub>11</sub>| with a gain improvement of 9.9 and 10.9 dBi and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.063 and 0.0206 W/kg, respectively, at the lower and higher bands. The link budget analysis for various rotation angles of the watch indicated that, for a link margin of 20 dB, the antenna can transmit/receive 1 Gbps of data. However, significant fading was noticed at certain angles due to the shadowing effect caused by the watch case itself. Nonetheless, the antenna has a workable bandwidth, a high gain, and a low SAR, making it suitable for smartwatch and IoT applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/103dual-bandIoTlink marginmillimeter wave antennaSARsmartwatch |
| spellingShingle | Parveez Shariff Bhadrvathi Ghouse Pallavi R. Mane Sangeetha Thankappan Sumangala Vasanth Kumar Puttur Sameena Pathan Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala Tanweer Ali A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation Sensors dual-band IoT link margin millimeter wave antenna SAR smartwatch |
| title | A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation |
| title_full | A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation |
| title_fullStr | A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation |
| title_short | A Compact Dual-Band Millimeter Wave Antenna for Smartwatch and IoT Applications with Link Budget Estimation |
| title_sort | compact dual band millimeter wave antenna for smartwatch and iot applications with link budget estimation |
| topic | dual-band IoT link margin millimeter wave antenna SAR smartwatch |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/1/103 |
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