Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage
The ocean surface and subsurface biophysical responses and their feedbacks to super typhoon Nida were comprehensively investigated based on a substantial dataset of multiple-satellite observations, Argo profiles, and reanalysis data. Nida experienced two Category 5 stages: a rapid intensification st...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2648 |
| _version_ | 1797526129190371328 |
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| author | Jiagen Li Yuanjian Yang Guihua Wang Hao Cheng Liang Sun |
| author_facet | Jiagen Li Yuanjian Yang Guihua Wang Hao Cheng Liang Sun |
| author_sort | Jiagen Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The ocean surface and subsurface biophysical responses and their feedbacks to super typhoon Nida were comprehensively investigated based on a substantial dataset of multiple-satellite observations, Argo profiles, and reanalysis data. Nida experienced two Category 5 stages: a rapid intensification stage that was fast moving along a straight-line track, and a rapid weakening stage that was slowly moving along a sharp-left sudden-turning track. During the straight-line stage, Nida caused an average sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of 1.44 °C and a chlorophyll-<i>a</i> (chl-<i>a</i>) concentration increase of 0.03 mg m<sup>−3</sup>. During the sudden-turning stage, <i>cyclonic</i> sudden-turning induced a strong cold cyclonic eddy (SSHA < −60 cm) by strong upwelling, which caused the maximum SST cooling of 6.68 °C and a long-lasting chl-<i>a</i> bloom of 0.6 mg m<sup>−3</sup> on the left-hand side of the track, resulting in substantial impacts on the ocean ecological environment. Furthermore, the enhanced ocean cold wake and the longer air–sea interaction in turn decreased the average inner-core SST of 4 °C and the corresponding enthalpy flux of 780 W m<sup>−2</sup>, which induced a notable negative feedback to the typhoon intensity by weakening it from Category 5 to Category 2. The left bias response and notable negative feedback are special due to sharp-left sudden-turning of typhoon. Comparing with the previously found slow translation speed (~4 m s<sup>−1</sup>) of significant ocean response, the negative feedback requires even more restriction of translation speed (<2 m s<sup>−1</sup>) and sharp sudden-turning could effectively relax restrictions by making equivalent translation speed lower and air-sea interaction time longer. Our findings point out that there are some unique features in ocean–typhoon interactions under sudden-turning and/or lingering tracks comparing with ordinary tracks. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:25:47Z |
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| id | doaj.art-8d713cbf742c482085ff4aa0a20f9f8e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:25:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d713cbf742c482085ff4aa0a20f9f8e2023-11-22T04:50:22ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-07-011314264810.3390/rs13142648Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning StageJiagen Li0Yuanjian Yang1Guihua Wang2Hao Cheng3Liang Sun4School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, ChinaSchool of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210000, ChinaDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, ChinaSchool of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230000, ChinaThe ocean surface and subsurface biophysical responses and their feedbacks to super typhoon Nida were comprehensively investigated based on a substantial dataset of multiple-satellite observations, Argo profiles, and reanalysis data. Nida experienced two Category 5 stages: a rapid intensification stage that was fast moving along a straight-line track, and a rapid weakening stage that was slowly moving along a sharp-left sudden-turning track. During the straight-line stage, Nida caused an average sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of 1.44 °C and a chlorophyll-<i>a</i> (chl-<i>a</i>) concentration increase of 0.03 mg m<sup>−3</sup>. During the sudden-turning stage, <i>cyclonic</i> sudden-turning induced a strong cold cyclonic eddy (SSHA < −60 cm) by strong upwelling, which caused the maximum SST cooling of 6.68 °C and a long-lasting chl-<i>a</i> bloom of 0.6 mg m<sup>−3</sup> on the left-hand side of the track, resulting in substantial impacts on the ocean ecological environment. Furthermore, the enhanced ocean cold wake and the longer air–sea interaction in turn decreased the average inner-core SST of 4 °C and the corresponding enthalpy flux of 780 W m<sup>−2</sup>, which induced a notable negative feedback to the typhoon intensity by weakening it from Category 5 to Category 2. The left bias response and notable negative feedback are special due to sharp-left sudden-turning of typhoon. Comparing with the previously found slow translation speed (~4 m s<sup>−1</sup>) of significant ocean response, the negative feedback requires even more restriction of translation speed (<2 m s<sup>−1</sup>) and sharp sudden-turning could effectively relax restrictions by making equivalent translation speed lower and air-sea interaction time longer. Our findings point out that there are some unique features in ocean–typhoon interactions under sudden-turning and/or lingering tracks comparing with ordinary tracks.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2648super typhoon Nidaair–sea interactionoceanic environmental responsesleft biasnegative feedbackscold wake |
| spellingShingle | Jiagen Li Yuanjian Yang Guihua Wang Hao Cheng Liang Sun Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage Remote Sensing super typhoon Nida air–sea interaction oceanic environmental responses left bias negative feedbacks cold wake |
| title | Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage |
| title_full | Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage |
| title_short | Enhanced Oceanic Environmental Responses and Feedbacks to Super Typhoon Nida (2009) during the Sudden-Turning Stage |
| title_sort | enhanced oceanic environmental responses and feedbacks to super typhoon nida 2009 during the sudden turning stage |
| topic | super typhoon Nida air–sea interaction oceanic environmental responses left bias negative feedbacks cold wake |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/14/2648 |
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