Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress
Cold stress is known to influence tomato growth, development, and yield. In this study, we analyzed the germination of tomato seeds treated with exogenous glycine betaine (GB) at a low temperature (14 °C). The results showed that cold stress inhibited tomato seed germination, and pretreatment with e...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10474 |
| _version_ | 1797487319034363904 |
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| author | Yingying Zhang Taoyu Dai Yahui Liu Jinyan Wang Quanhua Wang Weimin Zhu |
| author_facet | Yingying Zhang Taoyu Dai Yahui Liu Jinyan Wang Quanhua Wang Weimin Zhu |
| author_sort | Yingying Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cold stress is known to influence tomato growth, development, and yield. In this study, we analyzed the germination of tomato seeds treated with exogenous glycine betaine (GB) at a low temperature (14 °C). The results showed that cold stress inhibited tomato seed germination, and pretreatment with exogenous GB reduced this inhibition and enhanced the germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), and viability of tomato seeds at low temperatures. Analysis of gene expression and metabolism revealed that GB positively regulated endogenous hormone gibberellin (GA) content and negatively regulated abscisic acid (ABA) content, while GB reduced the starch content in the seeds by up-regulating the amylase gene expression. Gene expression analysis showed that the key genes (<i>SlSOD</i>, <i>SlPOD,</i> and <i>SlchlAPX</i>) involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems were up-regulated in GB-pretreated tomato seeds compared with the control. At the same time, levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were significantly lower, while the proline content and peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were elevated compared with those in the control. These results demonstrate that exogenous GB as a positive regulator effectively alleviated the inhibition of tomato seed germination under cold stress by different signal pathways. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:46:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8d84a1891e684da6bd00a0828441cbba |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:46:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d84a1891e684da6bd00a0828441cbba2023-11-23T16:42:19ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-09-0123181047410.3390/ijms231810474Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold StressYingying Zhang0Taoyu Dai1Yahui Liu2Jinyan Wang3Quanhua Wang4Weimin Zhu5Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaInnovation Center of Jiangsu, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 201400, ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Technology, The Protected Horticulture Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, ChinaCold stress is known to influence tomato growth, development, and yield. In this study, we analyzed the germination of tomato seeds treated with exogenous glycine betaine (GB) at a low temperature (14 °C). The results showed that cold stress inhibited tomato seed germination, and pretreatment with exogenous GB reduced this inhibition and enhanced the germination rate (GR), germination index (GI), and viability of tomato seeds at low temperatures. Analysis of gene expression and metabolism revealed that GB positively regulated endogenous hormone gibberellin (GA) content and negatively regulated abscisic acid (ABA) content, while GB reduced the starch content in the seeds by up-regulating the amylase gene expression. Gene expression analysis showed that the key genes (<i>SlSOD</i>, <i>SlPOD,</i> and <i>SlchlAPX</i>) involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems were up-regulated in GB-pretreated tomato seeds compared with the control. At the same time, levels of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were significantly lower, while the proline content and peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels were elevated compared with those in the control. These results demonstrate that exogenous GB as a positive regulator effectively alleviated the inhibition of tomato seed germination under cold stress by different signal pathways.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10474cold stressendogenous hormonegerminationglycine betaine (GB)tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>)seed |
| spellingShingle | Yingying Zhang Taoyu Dai Yahui Liu Jinyan Wang Quanhua Wang Weimin Zhu Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress International Journal of Molecular Sciences cold stress endogenous hormone germination glycine betaine (GB) tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) seed |
| title | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress |
| title_full | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress |
| title_short | Effect of Exogenous Glycine Betaine on the Germination of Tomato Seeds under Cold Stress |
| title_sort | effect of exogenous glycine betaine on the germination of tomato seeds under cold stress |
| topic | cold stress endogenous hormone germination glycine betaine (GB) tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) seed |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10474 |
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