Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)
Accidental chemical spills can result in styrene-contaminated soil. Styrene negatively affects human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to remediate styrene-contaminated soil using a combination of activated carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI-AC) and phytoremediat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024035308 |
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| author | Ann Kambhu Tunlawit Satapanajaru Piyapawn Somsamak Patthra Pengthamkeerati Chanat Chokejaroenrat Kanitchanok Muangkaew Kanthika Nonthamit |
| author_facet | Ann Kambhu Tunlawit Satapanajaru Piyapawn Somsamak Patthra Pengthamkeerati Chanat Chokejaroenrat Kanitchanok Muangkaew Kanthika Nonthamit |
| author_sort | Ann Kambhu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Accidental chemical spills can result in styrene-contaminated soil. Styrene negatively affects human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to remediate styrene-contaminated soil using a combination of activated carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI-AC) and phytoremediation by sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.) and marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.). The results showed that all three plant types could potentially increase the removal efficiency of styrene-contaminated soil. At 28 days, all three plants showed complete removal of styrene from the soil with 1 g/kg of nZVI-AC, activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) (T-nZVI-AC), or activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by red Thai holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) (B-nZVI-AC). However, styrene removal efficiencies of sunn hemp, zinnia, and marigold without carbon-based nZVI were 30%, 67%, and 56%, respectively. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed that the removal efficiencies differed significantly from those of phytoremediation alone. With the same removal efficiency (100%), the biomass of sunn hemp in nano-phytoremediation treatments differed by approximately 55%, whereas the biomass of zinnia differed by >67%, compared with that of the control experiment. For marigold, the difference in biomass was only 30%. Styrene was adsorbed on surface of soil and AC and then further oxidized under air-water-nZVI environment, while phytovolatilization played an important role in transporting the remaining styrene from the contaminated soil to the air. Marigold was used as an alternative plant for the nano-phytoremediation of styrene-contaminated soil because of its sturdy nature, high biomass, tolerance to toxic effects, and ease of cultivation. Remediation of one cubic meter of styrene-contaminated soil by a combination of carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation by marigolds emitted 0.0027 kgCO2/m3. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:50:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8d9248688bbd426f8aac200e2d43fa01 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T13:50:34Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-8d9248688bbd426f8aac200e2d43fa012024-04-04T05:04:58ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-03-01106e27499Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)Ann Kambhu0Tunlawit Satapanajaru1Piyapawn Somsamak2Patthra Pengthamkeerati3Chanat Chokejaroenrat4Kanitchanok Muangkaew5Kanthika Nonthamit6Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandCorresponding author.; Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 ThailandAccidental chemical spills can result in styrene-contaminated soil. Styrene negatively affects human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to remediate styrene-contaminated soil using a combination of activated carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI-AC) and phytoremediation by sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.) and marigolds (Tagetes erecta L.). The results showed that all three plant types could potentially increase the removal efficiency of styrene-contaminated soil. At 28 days, all three plants showed complete removal of styrene from the soil with 1 g/kg of nZVI-AC, activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) (T-nZVI-AC), or activated carbon-based nZVI synthesized by red Thai holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.) (B-nZVI-AC). However, styrene removal efficiencies of sunn hemp, zinnia, and marigold without carbon-based nZVI were 30%, 67%, and 56%, respectively. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed that the removal efficiencies differed significantly from those of phytoremediation alone. With the same removal efficiency (100%), the biomass of sunn hemp in nano-phytoremediation treatments differed by approximately 55%, whereas the biomass of zinnia differed by >67%, compared with that of the control experiment. For marigold, the difference in biomass was only 30%. Styrene was adsorbed on surface of soil and AC and then further oxidized under air-water-nZVI environment, while phytovolatilization played an important role in transporting the remaining styrene from the contaminated soil to the air. Marigold was used as an alternative plant for the nano-phytoremediation of styrene-contaminated soil because of its sturdy nature, high biomass, tolerance to toxic effects, and ease of cultivation. Remediation of one cubic meter of styrene-contaminated soil by a combination of carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation by marigolds emitted 0.0027 kgCO2/m3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024035308RemediationStyrenePhytoremediationCarbon-based materialsNano zerovalent iron |
| spellingShingle | Ann Kambhu Tunlawit Satapanajaru Piyapawn Somsamak Patthra Pengthamkeerati Chanat Chokejaroenrat Kanitchanok Muangkaew Kanthika Nonthamit Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Heliyon Remediation Styrene Phytoremediation Carbon-based materials Nano zerovalent iron |
| title | Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) |
| title_full | Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) |
| title_fullStr | Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) |
| title_short | Green cleanup of styrene-contaminated soil by carbon-based nanoscale zero-valent iron and phytoremediation: Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), zinnia (Zinnia violacea Cav.), and marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) |
| title_sort | green cleanup of styrene contaminated soil by carbon based nanoscale zero valent iron and phytoremediation sunn hemp crotalaria juncea zinnia zinnia violacea cav and marigold tagetes erecta l |
| topic | Remediation Styrene Phytoremediation Carbon-based materials Nano zerovalent iron |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024035308 |
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