Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales
Medicinal plants represent an inexhaustible source of traditional and effective remedies thanks to the various active ingredients they contain. Secondary metabolites present in plant extracts, such as essential oils (EO), have remarkable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. H...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Chemistry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/4/4/115 |
| _version_ | 1827641334926671872 |
|---|---|
| author | Aman Allah Gourich Noureddine Bencheikh Mohamed Bouhrim Mohamed Regragui Rachid Rhafouri Aziz Drioiche Ayoub Asbabou Firdaous Remok Aicha Mouradi Mohamed Addi Christophe Hano Touriya Zair |
| author_facet | Aman Allah Gourich Noureddine Bencheikh Mohamed Bouhrim Mohamed Regragui Rachid Rhafouri Aziz Drioiche Ayoub Asbabou Firdaous Remok Aicha Mouradi Mohamed Addi Christophe Hano Touriya Zair |
| author_sort | Aman Allah Gourich |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Medicinal plants represent an inexhaustible source of traditional and effective remedies thanks to the various active ingredients they contain. Secondary metabolites present in plant extracts, such as essential oils (EO), have remarkable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Here, the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of four Moroccan medicinal plants, <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L. (<i>R. officinalis</i>), <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. (<i>M. pulegium</i>), <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L. (<i>S. officinalis</i>), and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales (<i>T. zygis</i>), traditionally used in Morocco to treat microbial infections, were addressed. EO were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EO yields were of 3.64 ± 0.12, 3.53 ± 0.06, 2.48 ± 0.06, and 2.34 ± 0.08%, respectively, for <i>M. pulegium</i>, <i>R. officinalis</i>, <i>S. officinalis</i>, and <i>T. zygis</i>. The main bioactive components present in these EO were piperitenone (32.9%) and pulegone (32.8%) for <i>M. pulegium</i>, 1,8-cineol (43.8%) and camphor (18.7%) for <i>R. officinalis</i>, 1,8-cineole (16.8%) and <i>trans</i>-thujone (15.9%) for <i>S. officinalis</i>, and thymol (36.4%), carvacrol (24.1%) and cymene (23.5%) for <i>T. zygis</i>. These EO showed, according to the results of their antimicrobial activities, good effectiveness against bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the <i>T. zygis</i> EO showed the most potent activity against all bacteria studied, while that of <i>R. officinalis</i>, <i>M. pulegium</i>, and <i>S. officinalis</i> showed moderate activity against the <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The antifungal activity tests revealed a strong antifungal activity for the <i>T. zygis</i> EO and a moderate activity for the <i>S. officinalis</i> EO. On the other hand, the EO of <i>R. officinalis</i>, and <i>M. pulegium</i> were found to be inactive at the doses used against the selected strains. In conclusion, our results show that the medicinal plants studied contain biologically active molecules with antimicrobial effects. They can replace synthesized molecules, especially in the formulation of additives, and for therapeutic, cosmetic, and food-processing purposes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:12:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8daf06ecfebb4d71be970192f5fe75d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2624-8549 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:12:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Chemistry |
| spelling | doaj.art-8daf06ecfebb4d71be970192f5fe75d32023-11-24T13:58:56ZengMDPI AGChemistry2624-85492022-12-01441775178810.3390/chemistry4040115Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. MoralesAman Allah Gourich0Noureddine Bencheikh1Mohamed Bouhrim2Mohamed Regragui3Rachid Rhafouri4Aziz Drioiche5Ayoub Asbabou6Firdaous Remok7Aicha Mouradi8Mohamed Addi9Christophe Hano10Touriya Zair11Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoLaboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, B.P. 717, Oujda 60040, MoroccoHigher School of Education and Training, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoLaboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohammed Premier, B.P. 524, Oujda 60000, MoroccoLaboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, FranceChemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment Research Team, Laboratory of Materials, Molecular Engineering and the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201, Zitoune, Meknes 50000, MoroccoMedicinal plants represent an inexhaustible source of traditional and effective remedies thanks to the various active ingredients they contain. Secondary metabolites present in plant extracts, such as essential oils (EO), have remarkable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial effects. Here, the chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of four Moroccan medicinal plants, <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L. (<i>R. officinalis</i>), <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. (<i>M. pulegium</i>), <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L. (<i>S. officinalis</i>), and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales (<i>T. zygis</i>), traditionally used in Morocco to treat microbial infections, were addressed. EO were extracted using the hydrodistillation method, and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). EO yields were of 3.64 ± 0.12, 3.53 ± 0.06, 2.48 ± 0.06, and 2.34 ± 0.08%, respectively, for <i>M. pulegium</i>, <i>R. officinalis</i>, <i>S. officinalis</i>, and <i>T. zygis</i>. The main bioactive components present in these EO were piperitenone (32.9%) and pulegone (32.8%) for <i>M. pulegium</i>, 1,8-cineol (43.8%) and camphor (18.7%) for <i>R. officinalis</i>, 1,8-cineole (16.8%) and <i>trans</i>-thujone (15.9%) for <i>S. officinalis</i>, and thymol (36.4%), carvacrol (24.1%) and cymene (23.5%) for <i>T. zygis</i>. These EO showed, according to the results of their antimicrobial activities, good effectiveness against bacteria and fungi. Moreover, the <i>T. zygis</i> EO showed the most potent activity against all bacteria studied, while that of <i>R. officinalis</i>, <i>M. pulegium</i>, and <i>S. officinalis</i> showed moderate activity against the <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The antifungal activity tests revealed a strong antifungal activity for the <i>T. zygis</i> EO and a moderate activity for the <i>S. officinalis</i> EO. On the other hand, the EO of <i>R. officinalis</i>, and <i>M. pulegium</i> were found to be inactive at the doses used against the selected strains. In conclusion, our results show that the medicinal plants studied contain biologically active molecules with antimicrobial effects. They can replace synthesized molecules, especially in the formulation of additives, and for therapeutic, cosmetic, and food-processing purposes.https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/4/4/115<i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L.<i>Mentha pulegium</i> L.<i>Salvia officinalis</i> L.<i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i>essential oilsGC/MS |
| spellingShingle | Aman Allah Gourich Noureddine Bencheikh Mohamed Bouhrim Mohamed Regragui Rachid Rhafouri Aziz Drioiche Ayoub Asbabou Firdaous Remok Aicha Mouradi Mohamed Addi Christophe Hano Touriya Zair Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales Chemistry <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L. <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L. <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> essential oils GC/MS |
| title | Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales |
| title_full | Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales |
| title_short | Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Four Moroccan North Middle Atlas Medicinal Plants’ Essential Oils: <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L., <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L., <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L., and <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> (Boiss.) R. Morales |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of four moroccan north middle atlas medicinal plants essential oils i rosmarinus officinalis i l i mentha pulegium i l i salvia officinalis i l and i thymus zygis i subsp i gracilis i boiss r morales |
| topic | <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> L. <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. <i>Salvia officinalis</i> L. <i>Thymus zygis</i> subsp. <i>gracilis</i> essential oils GC/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8549/4/4/115 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT amanallahgourich comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT noureddinebencheikh comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT mohamedbouhrim comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT mohamedregragui comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT rachidrhafouri comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT azizdrioiche comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT ayoubasbabou comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT firdaousremok comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT aichamouradi comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT mohamedaddi comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT christophehano comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales AT touriyazair comparativeanalysisofthechemicalcompositionandantimicrobialactivityoffourmoroccannorthmiddleatlasmedicinalplantsessentialoilsirosmarinusofficinalisilimenthapulegiumilisalviaofficinalisilandithymuszygisisubspigracilisiboissrmorales |