Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>
Due to its recalcitrant and carcinogenic nature, the presence of methyl orange (MO) in the environment is a serious threat to human and animal life and is also toxic to plants. MO being recalcitrant cannot be effectively reclaimed from industrial effluents through physical and chemical approaches. B...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/10/1551 |
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| author | Asad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zahoor Mujaddad Ur Rehman Abdul Bari Shah Ivar Zekker Farhat Ali Khan Riaz Ullah Ghadeer M. Albadrani Roula Bayram Hanan R. H. Mohamed |
| author_facet | Asad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zahoor Mujaddad Ur Rehman Abdul Bari Shah Ivar Zekker Farhat Ali Khan Riaz Ullah Ghadeer M. Albadrani Roula Bayram Hanan R. H. Mohamed |
| author_sort | Asad Ullah Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to its recalcitrant and carcinogenic nature, the presence of methyl orange (MO) in the environment is a serious threat to human and animal life and is also toxic to plants. MO being recalcitrant cannot be effectively reclaimed from industrial effluents through physical and chemical approaches. Biological methods on the other hand have the potential to degrade such dyes because of their compatibility with nature and low chances of adverse effects on the environment. Bacteria, due to their fast growth rate and capability of surviving in extreme environments can effectively be used for this purpose. In the current research study, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was isolated and characterized using 16rRNA from textile wastewater. In the preliminary tests it was found that <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> has the ability to degrade and mineralize methyl orange effectively. The physicochemical conditions were then optimized, in order to get maximum degradation of MO which was achieved at 37 °C, a pH of 7, a low salt concentration of 0.1 g/15 mL, a high carbon source of 0.6 g/15 mL, and 72 h experimental time. In a single set of experiments where all these optimum conditions were combined, 88.23% decolorization of the selected dye was achieved. At the end of the experimental cycle, the aliquots were homogenized and filtered. The filtrates were subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis where azo linkage breaking was confirmed from the FTIR spectra. The filtrates were then extracted with ethyl acetate and then passed through a silica gel column. On the basis of Rf value (TLC plates used) similar fraction were combined which were then subjected to NMR analysis. The compounds detected through GC-MS, peaks were not observed in proton and C-13 NMR. Instead, solvent and some impurity peaks were present, showing that complete mineralization of the dye had occurred due to the action of different bacterial enzymes such as azoreductase, peroxidases, and classes on MO. The prosed mechanism of complete mineralization is based on spectral data that needs to be verified by trapping the individual step products through the use of appropriate inhibitors of individual enzymes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:35:41Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:35:41Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-8dbb4a4be31046efa93a9d3594d12ba82023-11-23T13:34:03ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-05-011410155110.3390/w14101551Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Asad Ullah Khan0Muhammad Zahoor1Mujaddad Ur Rehman2Abdul Bari Shah3Ivar Zekker4Farhat Ali Khan5Riaz Ullah6Ghadeer M. Albadrani7Roula Bayram8Hanan R. H. Mohamed9Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22010, KPK, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower 18800, KPK, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Abbottabad 22010, KPK, PakistanDivision of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Sceience, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, KoreaInstitute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila St., 50411 Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper 18050, KPK, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, B.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaPharmacy Program, Department of pharmaceutical science, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi ArabiaZoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, EgyptDue to its recalcitrant and carcinogenic nature, the presence of methyl orange (MO) in the environment is a serious threat to human and animal life and is also toxic to plants. MO being recalcitrant cannot be effectively reclaimed from industrial effluents through physical and chemical approaches. Biological methods on the other hand have the potential to degrade such dyes because of their compatibility with nature and low chances of adverse effects on the environment. Bacteria, due to their fast growth rate and capability of surviving in extreme environments can effectively be used for this purpose. In the current research study, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was isolated and characterized using 16rRNA from textile wastewater. In the preliminary tests it was found that <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> has the ability to degrade and mineralize methyl orange effectively. The physicochemical conditions were then optimized, in order to get maximum degradation of MO which was achieved at 37 °C, a pH of 7, a low salt concentration of 0.1 g/15 mL, a high carbon source of 0.6 g/15 mL, and 72 h experimental time. In a single set of experiments where all these optimum conditions were combined, 88.23% decolorization of the selected dye was achieved. At the end of the experimental cycle, the aliquots were homogenized and filtered. The filtrates were subjected to FTIR and GC-MS analysis where azo linkage breaking was confirmed from the FTIR spectra. The filtrates were then extracted with ethyl acetate and then passed through a silica gel column. On the basis of Rf value (TLC plates used) similar fraction were combined which were then subjected to NMR analysis. The compounds detected through GC-MS, peaks were not observed in proton and C-13 NMR. Instead, solvent and some impurity peaks were present, showing that complete mineralization of the dye had occurred due to the action of different bacterial enzymes such as azoreductase, peroxidases, and classes on MO. The prosed mechanism of complete mineralization is based on spectral data that needs to be verified by trapping the individual step products through the use of appropriate inhibitors of individual enzymes.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/10/1551bacterial degradationmethyl orange<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>wastewater |
| spellingShingle | Asad Ullah Khan Muhammad Zahoor Mujaddad Ur Rehman Abdul Bari Shah Ivar Zekker Farhat Ali Khan Riaz Ullah Ghadeer M. Albadrani Roula Bayram Hanan R. H. Mohamed Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Water bacterial degradation methyl orange <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> wastewater |
| title | Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_full | Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_fullStr | Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_short | Biological Mineralization of Methyl Orange by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> |
| title_sort | biological mineralization of methyl orange by i pseudomonas aeruginosa i |
| topic | bacterial degradation methyl orange <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> wastewater |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/10/1551 |
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