50 Years of quantum chromodynamics
Abstract Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their re...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2023-12-01
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| Series: | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-2 |
| _version_ | 1827300935821426688 |
|---|---|
| author | Franz Gross Eberhard Klempt Stanley J. Brodsky Andrzej J. Buras Volker D. Burkert Gudrun Heinrich Karl Jakobs Curtis A. Meyer Kostas Orginos Michael Strickland Johanna Stachel Giulia Zanderighi Nora Brambilla Peter Braun-Munzinger Daniel Britzger Simon Capstick Tom Cohen Volker Crede Martha Constantinou Christine Davies Luigi Del Debbio Achim Denig Carleton DeTar Alexandre Deur Yuri Dokshitzer Hans Günter Dosch Jozef Dudek Monica Dunford Evgeny Epelbaum Miguel A. Escobedo Harald Fritzsch Kenji Fukushima Paolo Gambino Dag Gillberg Steven Gottlieb Per Grafstrom Massimiliano Grazzini Boris Grube Alexey Guskov Toru Iijima Xiangdong Ji Frithjof Karsch Stefan Kluth John B. Kogut Frank Krauss Shunzo Kumano Derek Leinweber Heinrich Leutwyler Hai-Bo Li Yang Li Bogdan Malaescu Chiara Mariotti Pieter Maris Simone Marzani Wally Melnitchouk Johan Messchendorp Harvey Meyer Ryan Edward Mitchell Chandan Mondal Frank Nerling Sebastian Neubert Marco Pappagallo Saori Pastore José R. Peláez Andrew Puckett Jianwei Qiu Klaus Rabbertz Alberto Ramos Patrizia Rossi Anar Rustamov Andreas Schäfer Stefan Scherer Matthias Schindler Steven Schramm Mikhail Shifman Edward Shuryak Torbjörn Sjöstrand George Sterman Iain W. Stewart Joachim Stroth Eric Swanson Guy F. de Téramond Ulrike Thoma Antonio Vairo Danny van Dyk James Vary Javier Virto Marcel Vos Christian Weiss Markus Wobisch Sau Lan Wu Christopher Young Feng Yuan Xingbo Zhao Xiaorong Zhou |
| author_facet | Franz Gross Eberhard Klempt Stanley J. Brodsky Andrzej J. Buras Volker D. Burkert Gudrun Heinrich Karl Jakobs Curtis A. Meyer Kostas Orginos Michael Strickland Johanna Stachel Giulia Zanderighi Nora Brambilla Peter Braun-Munzinger Daniel Britzger Simon Capstick Tom Cohen Volker Crede Martha Constantinou Christine Davies Luigi Del Debbio Achim Denig Carleton DeTar Alexandre Deur Yuri Dokshitzer Hans Günter Dosch Jozef Dudek Monica Dunford Evgeny Epelbaum Miguel A. Escobedo Harald Fritzsch Kenji Fukushima Paolo Gambino Dag Gillberg Steven Gottlieb Per Grafstrom Massimiliano Grazzini Boris Grube Alexey Guskov Toru Iijima Xiangdong Ji Frithjof Karsch Stefan Kluth John B. Kogut Frank Krauss Shunzo Kumano Derek Leinweber Heinrich Leutwyler Hai-Bo Li Yang Li Bogdan Malaescu Chiara Mariotti Pieter Maris Simone Marzani Wally Melnitchouk Johan Messchendorp Harvey Meyer Ryan Edward Mitchell Chandan Mondal Frank Nerling Sebastian Neubert Marco Pappagallo Saori Pastore José R. Peláez Andrew Puckett Jianwei Qiu Klaus Rabbertz Alberto Ramos Patrizia Rossi Anar Rustamov Andreas Schäfer Stefan Scherer Matthias Schindler Steven Schramm Mikhail Shifman Edward Shuryak Torbjörn Sjöstrand George Sterman Iain W. Stewart Joachim Stroth Eric Swanson Guy F. de Téramond Ulrike Thoma Antonio Vairo Danny van Dyk James Vary Javier Virto Marcel Vos Christian Weiss Markus Wobisch Sau Lan Wu Christopher Young Feng Yuan Xingbo Zhao Xiaorong Zhou |
| author_sort | Franz Gross |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was “discovered” 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution. It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ α s ( Q 2 ) , that varies with the energy scale $$Q^2$$ Q 2 characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of $$\alpha _s$$ α s at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where $$Q^2\gg \varLambda _{{\textrm{QCD}}} ^2\simeq $$ Q 2 ≫ Λ QCD 2 ≃ (250 MeV) $$^2$$ 2 . Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large $$N_c$$ N c -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected $$q{{\bar{q}}}$$ q q ¯ mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD thermodynamics at high temperature became accessible to LQCD, and numerical results on chiral and deconfinement transitions and properties of the deconfined and chirally restored form of strongly interacting matter, called the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), have become very precise by now. These results can now be confronted with experimental data that are sensitive to the nature of the phase transition. There is clear evidence that the QGP phase is created. This phase of QCD matter can already be characterized by some properties that indicate, within a temperature range of a few times the pseudocritical temperature, the medium behaves like a near ideal liquid. Experimental observables are presented that demonstrate deconfinement. High and ultrahigh density QCD matter at moderate and low temperatures shows interesting features and new phases that are of astrophysical relevance. They are reviewed here and some of the astrophysical implications are discussed. Perturbative QCD and methods to describe the different aspects of scattering processes are discussed. The primary parton–parton scattering in a collision is calculated in perturbative QCD with increasing complexity. The radiation of soft gluons can spoil the perturbative convergence, this can be cured by resummation techniques, which are also described here. Realistic descriptions of QCD scattering events need to model the cascade of quark and gluon splittings until hadron formation sets in, which is done by parton showers. The full event simulation can be performed with Monte Carlo event generators, which simulate the full chain from the hard interaction to the hadronic final states, including the modelling of non-perturbative components. The contribution of the LEP experiments (and of earlier collider experiments) to the study of jets is reviewed. Correlations between jets and the shape of jets had allowed the collaborations to determine the “color factors” – invariants of the SU(3) color group governing the strength of quark–gluon and gluon–gluon interactions. The calculated jet production rates (using perturbative QCD) are shown to agree precisely with data, for jet energies spanning more than five orders of magnitude. The production of jets recoiling against a vector boson, $$W^\pm $$ W ± or Z, is shown to be well understood. The discovery of the Higgs boson was certainly an important milestone in the development of high-energy physics. The couplings of the Higgs boson to massive vector bosons and fermions that have been measured so far support its interpretation as mass-generating boson as predicted by the Standard Model. The study of the Higgs boson recoiling against hadronic jets (without or with heavy flavors) or against vector bosons is also highlighted. Apart from the description of hard interactions taking place at high energies, the understanding of “soft QCD” is also very important. In this respect, Pomeron – and Odderon – exchange, soft and hard diffraction are discussed. Weak decays of quarks and leptons, the quark mixing matrix and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are processes which are governed by weak interactions. However, corrections by strong interactions are important, and these are reviewed. As the measured values are incompatible with (most of) the predictions, the question arises: are these discrepancies first hints for New Physics beyond the Standard Model? This volume concludes with a description of future facilities or important upgrades of existing facilities which improve their luminosity by orders of magnitude. The best is yet to come! |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:44:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8dbfcd189124442ba3cab54901df35f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1434-6052 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:14:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| spelling | doaj.art-8dbfcd189124442ba3cab54901df35f32024-03-31T11:31:39ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60522023-12-018312163610.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-250 Years of quantum chromodynamicsFranz Gross0Eberhard Klempt1Stanley J. Brodsky2Andrzej J. Buras3Volker D. Burkert4Gudrun Heinrich5Karl Jakobs6Curtis A. Meyer7Kostas Orginos8Michael Strickland9Johanna Stachel10Giulia Zanderighi11Nora Brambilla12Peter Braun-Munzinger13Daniel Britzger14Simon Capstick15Tom Cohen16Volker Crede17Martha Constantinou18Christine Davies19Luigi Del Debbio20Achim Denig21Carleton DeTar22Alexandre Deur23Yuri Dokshitzer24Hans Günter Dosch25Jozef Dudek26Monica Dunford27Evgeny Epelbaum28Miguel A. Escobedo29Harald Fritzsch30Kenji Fukushima31Paolo Gambino32Dag Gillberg33Steven Gottlieb34Per Grafstrom35Massimiliano Grazzini36Boris Grube37Alexey Guskov38Toru Iijima39Xiangdong Ji40Frithjof Karsch41Stefan Kluth42John B. Kogut43Frank Krauss44Shunzo Kumano45Derek Leinweber46Heinrich Leutwyler47Hai-Bo Li48Yang Li49Bogdan Malaescu50Chiara Mariotti51Pieter Maris52Simone Marzani53Wally Melnitchouk54Johan Messchendorp55Harvey Meyer56Ryan Edward Mitchell57Chandan Mondal58Frank Nerling59Sebastian Neubert60Marco Pappagallo61Saori Pastore62José R. Peláez63Andrew Puckett64Jianwei Qiu65Klaus Rabbertz66Alberto Ramos67Patrizia Rossi68Anar Rustamov69Andreas Schäfer70Stefan Scherer71Matthias Schindler72Steven Schramm73Mikhail Shifman74Edward Shuryak75Torbjörn Sjöstrand76George Sterman77Iain W. Stewart78Joachim Stroth79Eric Swanson80Guy F. de Téramond81Ulrike Thoma82Antonio Vairo83Danny van Dyk84James Vary85Javier Virto86Marcel Vos87Christian Weiss88Markus Wobisch89Sau Lan Wu90Christopher Young91Feng Yuan92Xingbo Zhao93Xiaorong Zhou94Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityHelmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität BonnTheoretical Physics, SLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryInstitute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)Physikalisches Institut, Universität FreiburgCarnegie Mellon UniversityThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityDepartment of Physics, Kent State UniversityPhysikalisches Institut, Universität HeidelbergMax-Planck-Institut für PhysikInstitute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität MünchenPhysikalisches Institut, Universität HeidelbergMax-Planck-Institut für PhysikDepartment of Physics, Florida State UniversityDepartment of Physics, University of MarylandDepartment of Physics, Florida State UniversityPhysics Department, Temple UniversitySchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of GlasgowHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of EdinburghPRISMA + Cluster of Excellence and Institut für Kernphysik and Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of UtahThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityRiga Technical University Center of High Energy Physics and Accelerator TechnologiesPhysikalisches Institut, Universität HeidelbergThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityKirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergInstitut für Theoretische Physik II, Ruhr-Universität BochumInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enería (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaDepartment für Physik der Universität MünchenSchool of Science, University of TokyoMax-Planck-Institut für PhysikDepartment of Physics, Carlton UniversityDepartment of Physics, Indiana UniversityCERNDepartment of Physics, University of ZurichThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityJoint Institute for Nuclear ResearchKobayashi-Maskawa Institute (KMI)/Graduate School of Science Nagoya UniversityDepartment of Physics, University of MarylandPhysics Department, Bielefeld UniversityMax-Planck-Institut für PhysikDepartment of Energy, Division of High Energy PhysicsInstitute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Physics Department, Durham UniversityDepartment of Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s UniversityCentre for the Subatomic Structure of Matter (CSSM), Department of Physics, The University of AdelaideAlbert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of BernInstitute of High Energy PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaLPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3INFN, Sezione di TorinoDeptarment of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State UniversityDipartimento di Física, Università di Genova and INFNThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHPRISMA + Cluster of Excellence and Institut für Kernphysik and Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University MainzDepartment of Physics, Indiana University BloomingtonInstitute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHHelmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität BonnDipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Università di Bari and INFN, Sezione di BariDepartment of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in Saint LouisDepartamento de Física Teórica and IPARCOS, Universidad ComplutenseUniversity of ConnecticutThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityCERNIFIC (UVEG/CSIC) ValenciaThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Universität RegensburgInstitut für Kernphysik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of South CarolinaDépartement de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de GenèveSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of MinnesotaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook UniversityDepartment of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityC. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University, Stony BrookCenter for Theoretical Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of PittsburghLaboratorio de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Costa RicaHelmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Universität BonnPhysik Department, Technische Universität MünchenInstitute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, Physics Department, Durham UniversityDeptarment of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State UniversityDepartament de Física Quántica i Astrofísica, Universitat de BarcelonaIFIC (UVEG/CSIC) ValenciaThomas Jefferson National Accelerator FacilityDepartmant of Physics, Louisiana Tech UniversityDepartment of Physics, University of WisconsinInstitute of Physics, Albert Ludwig University of FreiburgNuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryInstitute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaAbstract Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was “discovered” 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution. It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ α s ( Q 2 ) , that varies with the energy scale $$Q^2$$ Q 2 characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of $$\alpha _s$$ α s at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where $$Q^2\gg \varLambda _{{\textrm{QCD}}} ^2\simeq $$ Q 2 ≫ Λ QCD 2 ≃ (250 MeV) $$^2$$ 2 . Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large $$N_c$$ N c -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected $$q{{\bar{q}}}$$ q q ¯ mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD thermodynamics at high temperature became accessible to LQCD, and numerical results on chiral and deconfinement transitions and properties of the deconfined and chirally restored form of strongly interacting matter, called the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), have become very precise by now. These results can now be confronted with experimental data that are sensitive to the nature of the phase transition. There is clear evidence that the QGP phase is created. This phase of QCD matter can already be characterized by some properties that indicate, within a temperature range of a few times the pseudocritical temperature, the medium behaves like a near ideal liquid. Experimental observables are presented that demonstrate deconfinement. High and ultrahigh density QCD matter at moderate and low temperatures shows interesting features and new phases that are of astrophysical relevance. They are reviewed here and some of the astrophysical implications are discussed. Perturbative QCD and methods to describe the different aspects of scattering processes are discussed. The primary parton–parton scattering in a collision is calculated in perturbative QCD with increasing complexity. The radiation of soft gluons can spoil the perturbative convergence, this can be cured by resummation techniques, which are also described here. Realistic descriptions of QCD scattering events need to model the cascade of quark and gluon splittings until hadron formation sets in, which is done by parton showers. The full event simulation can be performed with Monte Carlo event generators, which simulate the full chain from the hard interaction to the hadronic final states, including the modelling of non-perturbative components. The contribution of the LEP experiments (and of earlier collider experiments) to the study of jets is reviewed. Correlations between jets and the shape of jets had allowed the collaborations to determine the “color factors” – invariants of the SU(3) color group governing the strength of quark–gluon and gluon–gluon interactions. The calculated jet production rates (using perturbative QCD) are shown to agree precisely with data, for jet energies spanning more than five orders of magnitude. The production of jets recoiling against a vector boson, $$W^\pm $$ W ± or Z, is shown to be well understood. The discovery of the Higgs boson was certainly an important milestone in the development of high-energy physics. The couplings of the Higgs boson to massive vector bosons and fermions that have been measured so far support its interpretation as mass-generating boson as predicted by the Standard Model. The study of the Higgs boson recoiling against hadronic jets (without or with heavy flavors) or against vector bosons is also highlighted. Apart from the description of hard interactions taking place at high energies, the understanding of “soft QCD” is also very important. In this respect, Pomeron – and Odderon – exchange, soft and hard diffraction are discussed. Weak decays of quarks and leptons, the quark mixing matrix and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are processes which are governed by weak interactions. However, corrections by strong interactions are important, and these are reviewed. As the measured values are incompatible with (most of) the predictions, the question arises: are these discrepancies first hints for New Physics beyond the Standard Model? This volume concludes with a description of future facilities or important upgrades of existing facilities which improve their luminosity by orders of magnitude. The best is yet to come!https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-2 |
| spellingShingle | Franz Gross Eberhard Klempt Stanley J. Brodsky Andrzej J. Buras Volker D. Burkert Gudrun Heinrich Karl Jakobs Curtis A. Meyer Kostas Orginos Michael Strickland Johanna Stachel Giulia Zanderighi Nora Brambilla Peter Braun-Munzinger Daniel Britzger Simon Capstick Tom Cohen Volker Crede Martha Constantinou Christine Davies Luigi Del Debbio Achim Denig Carleton DeTar Alexandre Deur Yuri Dokshitzer Hans Günter Dosch Jozef Dudek Monica Dunford Evgeny Epelbaum Miguel A. Escobedo Harald Fritzsch Kenji Fukushima Paolo Gambino Dag Gillberg Steven Gottlieb Per Grafstrom Massimiliano Grazzini Boris Grube Alexey Guskov Toru Iijima Xiangdong Ji Frithjof Karsch Stefan Kluth John B. Kogut Frank Krauss Shunzo Kumano Derek Leinweber Heinrich Leutwyler Hai-Bo Li Yang Li Bogdan Malaescu Chiara Mariotti Pieter Maris Simone Marzani Wally Melnitchouk Johan Messchendorp Harvey Meyer Ryan Edward Mitchell Chandan Mondal Frank Nerling Sebastian Neubert Marco Pappagallo Saori Pastore José R. Peláez Andrew Puckett Jianwei Qiu Klaus Rabbertz Alberto Ramos Patrizia Rossi Anar Rustamov Andreas Schäfer Stefan Scherer Matthias Schindler Steven Schramm Mikhail Shifman Edward Shuryak Torbjörn Sjöstrand George Sterman Iain W. Stewart Joachim Stroth Eric Swanson Guy F. de Téramond Ulrike Thoma Antonio Vairo Danny van Dyk James Vary Javier Virto Marcel Vos Christian Weiss Markus Wobisch Sau Lan Wu Christopher Young Feng Yuan Xingbo Zhao Xiaorong Zhou 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| title | 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics |
| title_full | 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics |
| title_fullStr | 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics |
| title_full_unstemmed | 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics |
| title_short | 50 Years of quantum chromodynamics |
| title_sort | 50 years of quantum chromodynamics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11949-2 |
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