Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor
Soil temperature plays an essential role in the permafrost thermal state and degradation process. Especially the soil temperatures at 10 cm and 50 cm depths in the active layer, which are much easier to be observed in situ, have great effects on the surface water cycles and vegetation, and could be...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/455 |
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| author | Mengdi Jiao Lin Zhao Chong Wang Guojie Hu Yan Li Jianting Zhao Defu Zou Zanpin Xing Yongping Qiao Guangyue Liu Erji Du Minxuan Xiao Yingxu Hou |
| author_facet | Mengdi Jiao Lin Zhao Chong Wang Guojie Hu Yan Li Jianting Zhao Defu Zou Zanpin Xing Yongping Qiao Guangyue Liu Erji Du Minxuan Xiao Yingxu Hou |
| author_sort | Mengdi Jiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil temperature plays an essential role in the permafrost thermal state and degradation process. Especially the soil temperatures at 10 cm and 50 cm depths in the active layer, which are much easier to be observed in situ, have great effects on the surface water cycles and vegetation, and could be used as the upper boundary for permafrost models to simulate the thermal state of the permafrost and active layer thicknesses. However, due to the limitations of the observation data, there are still large uncertainties in the soil temperature data, including at these two depths, in the permafrost region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this study, we evaluated and calibrated the applicability of four daily shallow soil temperature datasets (i.e., MERRA-2, GLDAS-Noah, ERA5-Land, and CFSR) by using the in situ soil temperature data from eight observation sites from 2004 to 2018 in the permafrost region along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. The results revealed that there were different uncertainties for all four sets of reanalysis data, which were the largest (Bias = −2.44 °C) in CFSR and smallest (Bias= −0.43 °C) in GLDAS-Noah at depths of 10 cm and 50 cm. Overall, the reanalysis datasets reflect the trends of soil temperature, and the applicability of reanalysis data at 50 cm depth is better than at 10 cm depth. Furthermore, the GLDAS-Noah soil temperatures were recalibrated based on our observations using multiple linear regression and random forest models. The accuracy of the corrected daily soil temperature was significantly improved, and the RMSE was reduced by 1.49 °C and 1.28 °C at the depth of 10 cm and 50 cm, respectively. The random forest model performed better in the calibration of soil temperature data from GLDAS-Noah. Finally, the warming rates of soil temperature were analyzed, which were 0.0994 °C/a and 0.1005 °C/a at 10 cm and 50 cm depth from 2004 to 2018, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:20:21Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:20:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-8dc1ae6030b64451a13f25f93d7a352d2023-12-01T00:21:06ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-01-0115245510.3390/rs15020455Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering CorridorMengdi Jiao0Lin Zhao1Chong Wang2Guojie Hu3Yan Li4Jianting Zhao5Defu Zou6Zanpin Xing7Yongping Qiao8Guangyue Liu9Erji Du10Minxuan Xiao11Yingxu Hou12School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCollege of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaCryosphere Research Station on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSoil temperature plays an essential role in the permafrost thermal state and degradation process. Especially the soil temperatures at 10 cm and 50 cm depths in the active layer, which are much easier to be observed in situ, have great effects on the surface water cycles and vegetation, and could be used as the upper boundary for permafrost models to simulate the thermal state of the permafrost and active layer thicknesses. However, due to the limitations of the observation data, there are still large uncertainties in the soil temperature data, including at these two depths, in the permafrost region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). In this study, we evaluated and calibrated the applicability of four daily shallow soil temperature datasets (i.e., MERRA-2, GLDAS-Noah, ERA5-Land, and CFSR) by using the in situ soil temperature data from eight observation sites from 2004 to 2018 in the permafrost region along the Qinghai–Tibet Engineering Corridor. The results revealed that there were different uncertainties for all four sets of reanalysis data, which were the largest (Bias = −2.44 °C) in CFSR and smallest (Bias= −0.43 °C) in GLDAS-Noah at depths of 10 cm and 50 cm. Overall, the reanalysis datasets reflect the trends of soil temperature, and the applicability of reanalysis data at 50 cm depth is better than at 10 cm depth. Furthermore, the GLDAS-Noah soil temperatures were recalibrated based on our observations using multiple linear regression and random forest models. The accuracy of the corrected daily soil temperature was significantly improved, and the RMSE was reduced by 1.49 °C and 1.28 °C at the depth of 10 cm and 50 cm, respectively. The random forest model performed better in the calibration of soil temperature data from GLDAS-Noah. Finally, the warming rates of soil temperature were analyzed, which were 0.0994 °C/a and 0.1005 °C/a at 10 cm and 50 cm depth from 2004 to 2018, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/455Qinghai–Tibet corridorreanalysis datasoil temperaturedata correctionwarming rate |
| spellingShingle | Mengdi Jiao Lin Zhao Chong Wang Guojie Hu Yan Li Jianting Zhao Defu Zou Zanpin Xing Yongping Qiao Guangyue Liu Erji Du Minxuan Xiao Yingxu Hou Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor Remote Sensing Qinghai–Tibet corridor reanalysis data soil temperature data correction warming rate |
| title | Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Variations of Soil Temperature at 10 and 50 cm Depths in Permafrost Regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal variations of soil temperature at 10 and 50 cm depths in permafrost regions along the qinghai tibet engineering corridor |
| topic | Qinghai–Tibet corridor reanalysis data soil temperature data correction warming rate |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/455 |
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