Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases
With aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are considered to be common pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/7174 |
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| author | Fang Luo Aaron F. Sandhu Wiramon Rungratanawanich George E. Williams Mohammed Akbar Shuanhu Zhou Byoung-Joon Song Xin Wang |
| author_facet | Fang Luo Aaron F. Sandhu Wiramon Rungratanawanich George E. Williams Mohammed Akbar Shuanhu Zhou Byoung-Joon Song Xin Wang |
| author_sort | Fang Luo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are considered to be common pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy is a cellular basic metabolic process that degrades the aggregated or misfolded proteins and abnormal organelles in cells. The abnormal regulation of neuronal autophagy is accompanied by the accumulation and deposition of irregular proteins, leading to changes in neuron homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Autophagy exhibits both a protective mechanism and a damage pathway related to programmed cell death. Because of its “double-edged sword”, autophagy plays an important role in neurological damage and NDDs including AD, PD, HD, OPIDN, and ALS. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland and exhibits a wide range of biological functions, such as sleep control, regulating circadian rhythm, immune enhancement, metabolism regulation, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-tumor effects. It can prevent cell death, reduce inflammation, block calcium channels, etc. In this review, we briefly discuss the neuroprotective role of melatonin against various NDDs via regulating autophagy, which could be a new field for future translational research and clinical studies to discover preventive or therapeutic agents for many NDDs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:58:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8dc449589d824824b472a00099277794 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:58:57Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-8dc449589d824824b472a000992777942023-11-20T15:26:57ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672020-09-012119717410.3390/ijms21197174Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative DiseasesFang Luo0Aaron F. Sandhu1Wiramon Rungratanawanich2George E. Williams3Mohammed Akbar4Shuanhu Zhou5Byoung-Joon Song6Xin Wang7Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USASection of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USADivision of Neuroscience & Behavior, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USADepartments of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USASection of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USADepartment of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USAWith aging, the nervous system gradually undergoes degeneration. Increased oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death are considered to be common pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Autophagy is a cellular basic metabolic process that degrades the aggregated or misfolded proteins and abnormal organelles in cells. The abnormal regulation of neuronal autophagy is accompanied by the accumulation and deposition of irregular proteins, leading to changes in neuron homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Autophagy exhibits both a protective mechanism and a damage pathway related to programmed cell death. Because of its “double-edged sword”, autophagy plays an important role in neurological damage and NDDs including AD, PD, HD, OPIDN, and ALS. Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone mainly synthesized in the pineal gland and exhibits a wide range of biological functions, such as sleep control, regulating circadian rhythm, immune enhancement, metabolism regulation, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-tumor effects. It can prevent cell death, reduce inflammation, block calcium channels, etc. In this review, we briefly discuss the neuroprotective role of melatonin against various NDDs via regulating autophagy, which could be a new field for future translational research and clinical studies to discover preventive or therapeutic agents for many NDDs.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/7174autophagymelatoninneurodegenerative diseasesAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseHuntington’s disease |
| spellingShingle | Fang Luo Aaron F. Sandhu Wiramon Rungratanawanich George E. Williams Mohammed Akbar Shuanhu Zhou Byoung-Joon Song Xin Wang Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases International Journal of Molecular Sciences autophagy melatonin neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Huntington’s disease |
| title | Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full | Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_short | Melatonin and Autophagy in Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_sort | melatonin and autophagy in aging related neurodegenerative diseases |
| topic | autophagy melatonin neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Huntington’s disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/21/19/7174 |
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