Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine
Soil’s biological equilibrium, disturbed by the uncontrolled penetration of pesticides, can be restored by the activity of native microorganisms, which show abilities in neutralizing these xenobiotics. Therefore, this research is necessary in the search for new microorganisms used in the process of...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14469 |
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| author | Małgorzata Baćmaga Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Jan Kucharski |
| author_facet | Małgorzata Baćmaga Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Jan Kucharski |
| author_sort | Małgorzata Baćmaga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil’s biological equilibrium, disturbed by the uncontrolled penetration of pesticides, can be restored by the activity of native microorganisms, which show abilities in neutralizing these xenobiotics. Therefore, this research is necessary in the search for new microorganisms used in the process of the bioremediation of contaminated soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides, Sulcogan 300 SC, Tezosar 500 SC, and Sulcotrek 500 SC, applied to soil at the manufacturers’ recommended dosage as well as 10-fold higher, on the abundance of microorganisms, the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities, the activity of soil enzymes, and the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i> L. It was found that herbicides in contaminating amounts stimulated the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and inhibited the growth of fungi. Organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were represented by K-strategies and fungi by r-strategies. Bacteria belonging to the phylum, <i>Actinobacteriota</i>, represented by the genus, <i>Cellulosimicrobium</i>, were most abundant in the soil, while among the fungi, it was the phylum, <i>Ascomycota</i>, represented by the genus, <i>Humicola</i> and <i>Chaetomium</i>. The herbicides decreased urease activity while increasing arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase activity. They had a positive effect on the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i> L., as evidenced by an increase in the values of the plant tolerance index (TI) and the maize leaf greenness index (SPAD). The results indicate that soil microorganisms and enzymes are suitable indicators reflecting the quality of herbicide-treated soil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:49Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-8dcc98821b2f4e608368af81c30bdb9b2023-11-19T14:27:03ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-09-0124191446910.3390/ijms241914469Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and TerbuthylazineMałgorzata Baćmaga0Jadwiga Wyszkowska1Agata Borowik2Jan Kucharski3Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, PolandSoil’s biological equilibrium, disturbed by the uncontrolled penetration of pesticides, can be restored by the activity of native microorganisms, which show abilities in neutralizing these xenobiotics. Therefore, this research is necessary in the search for new microorganisms used in the process of the bioremediation of contaminated soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the herbicides, Sulcogan 300 SC, Tezosar 500 SC, and Sulcotrek 500 SC, applied to soil at the manufacturers’ recommended dosage as well as 10-fold higher, on the abundance of microorganisms, the diversity and structure of bacterial and fungal communities, the activity of soil enzymes, and the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i> L. It was found that herbicides in contaminating amounts stimulated the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and inhibited the growth of fungi. Organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria were represented by K-strategies and fungi by r-strategies. Bacteria belonging to the phylum, <i>Actinobacteriota</i>, represented by the genus, <i>Cellulosimicrobium</i>, were most abundant in the soil, while among the fungi, it was the phylum, <i>Ascomycota</i>, represented by the genus, <i>Humicola</i> and <i>Chaetomium</i>. The herbicides decreased urease activity while increasing arylsulfatase and acid phosphatase activity. They had a positive effect on the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i> L., as evidenced by an increase in the values of the plant tolerance index (TI) and the maize leaf greenness index (SPAD). The results indicate that soil microorganisms and enzymes are suitable indicators reflecting the quality of herbicide-treated soil.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14469herbicides in soilmicroorganismsmetagenomicsenzymatic activity<i>Zea mays</i> L. |
| spellingShingle | Małgorzata Baćmaga Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Jan Kucharski Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine International Journal of Molecular Sciences herbicides in soil microorganisms metagenomics enzymatic activity <i>Zea mays</i> L. |
| title | Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine |
| title_full | Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine |
| title_fullStr | Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine |
| title_short | Bacteria, Fungi, and Enzymes in Soil Treated with Sulcotrione and Terbuthylazine |
| title_sort | bacteria fungi and enzymes in soil treated with sulcotrione and terbuthylazine |
| topic | herbicides in soil microorganisms metagenomics enzymatic activity <i>Zea mays</i> L. |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14469 |
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