Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea
Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) in the South China Sea (SCS) is simulated using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model (COAWST). A set of sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of different model coupling combinations on the typhoon simulation. Model results are validated by e...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/432 |
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| author | Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian Changming Dong Hailong Liu Renhao Wu Han Zhang |
| author_facet | Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian Changming Dong Hailong Liu Renhao Wu Han Zhang |
| author_sort | Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) in the South China Sea (SCS) is simulated using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model (COAWST). A set of sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of different model coupling combinations on the typhoon simulation. Model results are validated by employing in-situ data at four locations in the SCS, and best-track and satellite data. Correlation and root-mean-square difference are used to assess the simulation quality. A skill score system is defined from these two statistical criteria to evaluate the performance of model experiments relative to a baseline. Atmosphere–ocean feedback is crucial for accurate simulations. Our baseline experiment successfully reconstructs the atmospheric and oceanic conditions during Typhoon Kalmaegi. Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling that weakens the system due to less heat and moisture availability is captured best in a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)-coupled run. The Simulated Wave Nearshore (SWAN)-coupled run has demonstrated the ability to estimate sea surface roughness better. Intense winds lead to a larger surface roughness where more heat and momentum are exchanged, while the rougher surface causes more friction, slowing down surface winds. From our experiments, we show that these intricate interactions require a fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–ROMS–SWAN model to best reproduce the environment during a typhoon. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:15:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8dd56d8330cf49e2bdf49eb6f3d49a2e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:15:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-8dd56d8330cf49e2bdf49eb6f3d49a2e2023-11-19T22:36:05ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-04-0111443210.3390/atmos11040432Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China SeaKenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian0Changming Dong1Hailong Liu2Renhao Wu3Han Zhang4School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaSchool of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, ChinaSouthern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaSouthern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, ChinaTyphoon Kalmaegi (2014) in the South China Sea (SCS) is simulated using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave model (COAWST). A set of sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of different model coupling combinations on the typhoon simulation. Model results are validated by employing in-situ data at four locations in the SCS, and best-track and satellite data. Correlation and root-mean-square difference are used to assess the simulation quality. A skill score system is defined from these two statistical criteria to evaluate the performance of model experiments relative to a baseline. Atmosphere–ocean feedback is crucial for accurate simulations. Our baseline experiment successfully reconstructs the atmospheric and oceanic conditions during Typhoon Kalmaegi. Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling that weakens the system due to less heat and moisture availability is captured best in a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)-coupled run. The Simulated Wave Nearshore (SWAN)-coupled run has demonstrated the ability to estimate sea surface roughness better. Intense winds lead to a larger surface roughness where more heat and momentum are exchanged, while the rougher surface causes more friction, slowing down surface winds. From our experiments, we show that these intricate interactions require a fully coupled Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–ROMS–SWAN model to best reproduce the environment during a typhoon.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/432air–sea interactiontyphooncoupled simulationCOAWSTWRFROMS |
| spellingShingle | Kenny T.C. Lim Kam Sian Changming Dong Hailong Liu Renhao Wu Han Zhang Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea Atmosphere air–sea interaction typhoon coupled simulation COAWST WRF ROMS |
| title | Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea |
| title_full | Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea |
| title_short | Effects of Model Coupling on Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Simulation in the South China Sea |
| title_sort | effects of model coupling on typhoon kalmaegi 2014 simulation in the south china sea |
| topic | air–sea interaction typhoon coupled simulation COAWST WRF ROMS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/4/432 |
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