Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats
Abstract Background Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical Phytoscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00244-2 |
| _version_ | 1818428526078984192 |
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| author | Abdullah M. Tauheed Mohammed Mamman Abubakar Ahmed Na’imatu A. Sani Mohammed M. Suleiman Mohammed H. Sulaiman Emmanuel O. Balogun |
| author_facet | Abdullah M. Tauheed Mohammed Mamman Abubakar Ahmed Na’imatu A. Sani Mohammed M. Suleiman Mohammed H. Sulaiman Emmanuel O. Balogun |
| author_sort | Abdullah M. Tauheed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoid of synthetic preservatives. However, nature endows plants with metabolites for warding off potential attacks from animals and the environment. Some of these metabolites are responsible for toxicity of some plants. Furthermore, drug-induced liver injuries and nephrotoxicity are the leading causes of pharmaceutical attrition of promising drug candidates in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety of four ethnomedicinal plants in short-, medium- and long-term usage. Methods Rats dosed once with 5000 mg/kg extracts of each of these plants served as acute study (AS) while rats dosed daily with 2000 mg/kg for 2, 12 and 14 weeks served as sub-acute (SAS), sub-chronic (SCS) and chronic (CS) studies, respectively. Rats administered distilled water served as the negative control (NC). Results A. leiocarpus and T. indica significantly reduced percentage weight gain in the SCS compared to the NC. A. leiocarpus significantly (P< 0.05) increased transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in the AS only; and total protein (TP) in the AS, SAS, SCS and CS compared to the NC. K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased alanine aminotransferase but significantly (P< 0.05) decreased TP in the AS only compared to the NC. However, A. indica and T. indica significantly (P< 0.05) increased globulin and aspartate transaminase in the CS only. Whereas A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased urea and creatinine in the AS than SAS, SCS and CS; Na+ and K+ were significantly higher in the SCS and CS studies compared to the NC. The histological lesions seen ranged from cellular degeneration, congestion, fibrosis to necrosis. Conclusion Thus, nonlethal, reversible toxic insults occur in short-term usage (AS); while, insidious lethal toxic effects occur in medium-term (SAS) and long-term usage (SCS and CS). The ability of these plant to maintain adequate hematological parameters, bodyweight and absence of mortality may explain free usage of preparations made from these plants in folkloric medicine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T15:03:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8de3cb35c0db42bfb2ee61170ddc5668 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2199-1197 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T15:03:01Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical Phytoscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-8de3cb35c0db42bfb2ee61170ddc56682022-12-21T22:56:46ZengSpringerOpenClinical Phytoscience2199-11972021-01-017111210.1186/s40816-020-00244-2Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in ratsAbdullah M. Tauheed0Mohammed Mamman1Abubakar Ahmed2Na’imatu A. Sani3Mohammed M. Suleiman4Mohammed H. Sulaiman5Emmanuel O. Balogun6Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello UniversityDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello UniversityDepartment of Pharmacognosy and Drug Development, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello UniversityDepartment of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero UniversityDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello UniversityDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello UniversityAfrica Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello UniversityAbstract Background Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoid of synthetic preservatives. However, nature endows plants with metabolites for warding off potential attacks from animals and the environment. Some of these metabolites are responsible for toxicity of some plants. Furthermore, drug-induced liver injuries and nephrotoxicity are the leading causes of pharmaceutical attrition of promising drug candidates in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety of four ethnomedicinal plants in short-, medium- and long-term usage. Methods Rats dosed once with 5000 mg/kg extracts of each of these plants served as acute study (AS) while rats dosed daily with 2000 mg/kg for 2, 12 and 14 weeks served as sub-acute (SAS), sub-chronic (SCS) and chronic (CS) studies, respectively. Rats administered distilled water served as the negative control (NC). Results A. leiocarpus and T. indica significantly reduced percentage weight gain in the SCS compared to the NC. A. leiocarpus significantly (P< 0.05) increased transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in the AS only; and total protein (TP) in the AS, SAS, SCS and CS compared to the NC. K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased alanine aminotransferase but significantly (P< 0.05) decreased TP in the AS only compared to the NC. However, A. indica and T. indica significantly (P< 0.05) increased globulin and aspartate transaminase in the CS only. Whereas A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased urea and creatinine in the AS than SAS, SCS and CS; Na+ and K+ were significantly higher in the SCS and CS studies compared to the NC. The histological lesions seen ranged from cellular degeneration, congestion, fibrosis to necrosis. Conclusion Thus, nonlethal, reversible toxic insults occur in short-term usage (AS); while, insidious lethal toxic effects occur in medium-term (SAS) and long-term usage (SCS and CS). The ability of these plant to maintain adequate hematological parameters, bodyweight and absence of mortality may explain free usage of preparations made from these plants in folkloric medicine.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00244-2AminotransferasesAlkaline phosphataseClinicopathologyKidney function testOrganosomatic indexToxicity studies |
| spellingShingle | Abdullah M. Tauheed Mohammed Mamman Abubakar Ahmed Na’imatu A. Sani Mohammed M. Suleiman Mohammed H. Sulaiman Emmanuel O. Balogun Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats Clinical Phytoscience Aminotransferases Alkaline phosphatase Clinicopathology Kidney function test Organosomatic index Toxicity studies |
| title | Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| title_full | Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| title_fullStr | Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| title_short | Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| title_sort | acute sub acute sub chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats |
| topic | Aminotransferases Alkaline phosphatase Clinicopathology Kidney function test Organosomatic index Toxicity studies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-020-00244-2 |
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