The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review
This review surveys physiological, behavioral, and morphological evidence converging to the view of the cerebro-cerebellum as loci of internal forward models. The cerebro-cerebellum, the phylogenetically newest expansion in the cerebellum, receives convergent inputs from cortical, subcortical, and s...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019/full |
| _version_ | 1811288197228920832 |
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| author | Hirokazu Tanaka Takahiro Ishikawa Jongho Lee Shinji Kakei |
| author_facet | Hirokazu Tanaka Takahiro Ishikawa Jongho Lee Shinji Kakei |
| author_sort | Hirokazu Tanaka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review surveys physiological, behavioral, and morphological evidence converging to the view of the cerebro-cerebellum as loci of internal forward models. The cerebro-cerebellum, the phylogenetically newest expansion in the cerebellum, receives convergent inputs from cortical, subcortical, and spinal sources, and is thought to perform the predictive computation for both motor control, motor learning, and cognitive functions. This predictive computation is known as an internal forward model. First, we elucidate the theoretical foundations of an internal forward model and its role in motor control and motor learning within the framework of the optimal feedback control model. Then, we discuss a neural mechanism that generates various patterns of outputs from the cerebro-cerebellum. Three lines of supporting evidence for the internal-forward-model hypothesis are presented in detail. First, we provide physiological evidence that the cerebellar outputs (activities of dentate nucleus cells) are predictive for the cerebellar inputs [activities of mossy fibers (MFs)]. Second, we provide behavioral evidence that a component of movement kinematics is predictive for target motion in control subjects but lags behind a target motion in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Third, we provide morphological evidence that the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus receive separate MF projections, a prerequisite for optimal estimation. Finally, we speculate that the predictive computation in the cerebro-cerebellum could be deployed to not only motor control but also to non-motor, cognitive functions. This review concludes that the predictive computation of the internal forward model is the unifying algorithmic principle for understanding diverse functions played by the cerebro-cerebellum. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T03:32:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e03af63a98b4f00816e3359a7625811 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5137 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T03:32:46Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e03af63a98b4f00816e3359a76258112022-12-22T03:04:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience1662-51372020-04-011410.3389/fnsys.2020.00019511301The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A ReviewHirokazu Tanaka0Takahiro Ishikawa1Jongho Lee2Shinji Kakei3Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, JapanTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, JapanKomatsu University, Komatsu, JapanTokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, JapanThis review surveys physiological, behavioral, and morphological evidence converging to the view of the cerebro-cerebellum as loci of internal forward models. The cerebro-cerebellum, the phylogenetically newest expansion in the cerebellum, receives convergent inputs from cortical, subcortical, and spinal sources, and is thought to perform the predictive computation for both motor control, motor learning, and cognitive functions. This predictive computation is known as an internal forward model. First, we elucidate the theoretical foundations of an internal forward model and its role in motor control and motor learning within the framework of the optimal feedback control model. Then, we discuss a neural mechanism that generates various patterns of outputs from the cerebro-cerebellum. Three lines of supporting evidence for the internal-forward-model hypothesis are presented in detail. First, we provide physiological evidence that the cerebellar outputs (activities of dentate nucleus cells) are predictive for the cerebellar inputs [activities of mossy fibers (MFs)]. Second, we provide behavioral evidence that a component of movement kinematics is predictive for target motion in control subjects but lags behind a target motion in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Third, we provide morphological evidence that the cerebellar cortex and the dentate nucleus receive separate MF projections, a prerequisite for optimal estimation. Finally, we speculate that the predictive computation in the cerebro-cerebellum could be deployed to not only motor control but also to non-motor, cognitive functions. This review concludes that the predictive computation of the internal forward model is the unifying algorithmic principle for understanding diverse functions played by the cerebro-cerebellum.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019/fullcerebral cortexcerebellar circuitryforward modelmotor functionhigher brain functionneural networks |
| spellingShingle | Hirokazu Tanaka Takahiro Ishikawa Jongho Lee Shinji Kakei The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience cerebral cortex cerebellar circuitry forward model motor function higher brain function neural networks |
| title | The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review |
| title_full | The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review |
| title_fullStr | The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review |
| title_short | The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review |
| title_sort | cerebro cerebellum as a locus of forward model a review |
| topic | cerebral cortex cerebellar circuitry forward model motor function higher brain function neural networks |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnsys.2020.00019/full |
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