Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations
Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which reg...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-07-01
|
| Series: | Biosensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/7/540 |
| _version_ | 1797407232006029312 |
|---|---|
| author | Elisa Castagnola Elaine M. Robbins Bingchen Wu May Yoon Pwint Raghav Garg Tzahi Cohen-Karni Xinyan Tracy Cui |
| author_facet | Elisa Castagnola Elaine M. Robbins Bingchen Wu May Yoon Pwint Raghav Garg Tzahi Cohen-Karni Xinyan Tracy Cui |
| author_sort | Elisa Castagnola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art <i>in vivo</i> DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated <i>in vivo</i> multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics <i>in vivo</i> with chronic stability. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:38:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e136e5586d4405dac58300746993f16 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:38:36Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e136e5586d4405dac58300746993f162023-12-03T14:44:30ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742022-07-0112754010.3390/bios12070540Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine ConcentrationsElisa Castagnola0Elaine M. Robbins1Bingchen Wu2May Yoon Pwint3Raghav Garg4Tzahi Cohen-Karni5Xinyan Tracy Cui6Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USADepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USADepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USADopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art <i>in vivo</i> DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated <i>in vivo</i> multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics <i>in vivo</i> with chronic stability.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/7/540multielectrode arraycarbonPEDOT/CNTfast-scan cyclic voltammetrysquare-wave voltammetry |
| spellingShingle | Elisa Castagnola Elaine M. Robbins Bingchen Wu May Yoon Pwint Raghav Garg Tzahi Cohen-Karni Xinyan Tracy Cui Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations Biosensors multielectrode array carbon PEDOT/CNT fast-scan cyclic voltammetry square-wave voltammetry |
| title | Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations |
| title_full | Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations |
| title_fullStr | Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations |
| title_short | Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for <i>In Vivo</i> Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations |
| title_sort | flexible glassy carbon multielectrode array for i in vivo i multisite detection of tonic and phasic dopamine concentrations |
| topic | multielectrode array carbon PEDOT/CNT fast-scan cyclic voltammetry square-wave voltammetry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/7/540 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT elisacastagnola flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT elainemrobbins flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT bingchenwu flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT mayyoonpwint flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT raghavgarg flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT tzahicohenkarni flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations AT xinyantracycui flexibleglassycarbonmultielectrodearrayforiinvivoimultisitedetectionoftonicandphasicdopamineconcentrations |