Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements
As a major grain-producing region in China, the North China Plain (NCP) faces serious challenges such as water shortage and land subsidence. In late 2014, the Central Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD-C) began to provide NCP with water resources. However, the effectiveness of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/162 |
| _version_ | 1797358204527575040 |
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| author | Jingqi Wang Kaihua Ding Xiaodong Chen Rumeng Guo Heping Sun |
| author_facet | Jingqi Wang Kaihua Ding Xiaodong Chen Rumeng Guo Heping Sun |
| author_sort | Jingqi Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a major grain-producing region in China, the North China Plain (NCP) faces serious challenges such as water shortage and land subsidence. In late 2014, the Central Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD-C) began to provide NCP with water resources. However, the effectiveness of this supply in mitigating land subsidence remains a pivotal and yet unassessed aspect. In this paper, we utilized various geodetic datasets, including the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow On (GRACE-FO), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and leveling data, to conduct a spatial-temporal analysis of the equivalent water height (EWH) and vertical ground movement in the NCP. The results reveal a noteworthy decline in EWH from 2011 to 2015, followed by a slight increase with minor fluctuations from 2015 to 2020, demonstrating a strong correlation with the water resources supplied by the SNWD-C. The GRACE-derived surface deformation rate induced by hydrological loading is estimated to be <1 mm/yr. In comparison, GNSS-derived vertical ground movements exhibit considerable regional differences during the 2011–2020 period. Substantial surface subsidence is evident in the central and eastern NCP, contrasting with a gradual uplift in the front plain of the Taihang Mountains. Three-stage leveling results indicate that the rate of subsidence in the central and eastern plains is gradually increasing with the depression area expanding from 1960 to 2010. Based on these geodetic results, it can be inferred that the SNWD-C’s operation since 2014 has effectively mitigated the reduction in terrestrial water storage in the NCP. However, land subsidence in the NCP persists, as the subsidence rate does not turn around in sync with the change in EWH following the operation of SNWD-C. Consequently, it’s necessary to maintain and enforce existing policies, including controlling groundwater exploitation and water resources supply (e.g., SNWD-C) to curtail the exacerbation of land subsidence in the NCP. Additionally, continuous monitoring of land subsidence by GRACE, GNSS, leveling and other geodetic techniques is crucial to enable timely policy adjustments based on monitoring results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:58:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e147c59f0c6487288ada8d8c31b0c12 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T14:58:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e147c59f0c6487288ada8d8c31b0c122024-01-10T15:07:44ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-12-0116116210.3390/rs16010162Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic MeasurementsJingqi Wang0Kaihua Ding1Xiaodong Chen2Rumeng Guo3Heping Sun4School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaSchool of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, ChinaAs a major grain-producing region in China, the North China Plain (NCP) faces serious challenges such as water shortage and land subsidence. In late 2014, the Central Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD-C) began to provide NCP with water resources. However, the effectiveness of this supply in mitigating land subsidence remains a pivotal and yet unassessed aspect. In this paper, we utilized various geodetic datasets, including the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow On (GRACE-FO), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and leveling data, to conduct a spatial-temporal analysis of the equivalent water height (EWH) and vertical ground movement in the NCP. The results reveal a noteworthy decline in EWH from 2011 to 2015, followed by a slight increase with minor fluctuations from 2015 to 2020, demonstrating a strong correlation with the water resources supplied by the SNWD-C. The GRACE-derived surface deformation rate induced by hydrological loading is estimated to be <1 mm/yr. In comparison, GNSS-derived vertical ground movements exhibit considerable regional differences during the 2011–2020 period. Substantial surface subsidence is evident in the central and eastern NCP, contrasting with a gradual uplift in the front plain of the Taihang Mountains. Three-stage leveling results indicate that the rate of subsidence in the central and eastern plains is gradually increasing with the depression area expanding from 1960 to 2010. Based on these geodetic results, it can be inferred that the SNWD-C’s operation since 2014 has effectively mitigated the reduction in terrestrial water storage in the NCP. However, land subsidence in the NCP persists, as the subsidence rate does not turn around in sync with the change in EWH following the operation of SNWD-C. Consequently, it’s necessary to maintain and enforce existing policies, including controlling groundwater exploitation and water resources supply (e.g., SNWD-C) to curtail the exacerbation of land subsidence in the NCP. Additionally, continuous monitoring of land subsidence by GRACE, GNSS, leveling and other geodetic techniques is crucial to enable timely policy adjustments based on monitoring results.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/162North China Plainland subsidencesouth-to-north water diversionGNSSGRACE |
| spellingShingle | Jingqi Wang Kaihua Ding Xiaodong Chen Rumeng Guo Heping Sun Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements Remote Sensing North China Plain land subsidence south-to-north water diversion GNSS GRACE |
| title | Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements |
| title_full | Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements |
| title_fullStr | Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements |
| title_short | Influence of South-to-North Water Diversion on Land Subsidence in North China Plain Revealed by Using Geodetic Measurements |
| title_sort | influence of south to north water diversion on land subsidence in north china plain revealed by using geodetic measurements |
| topic | North China Plain land subsidence south-to-north water diversion GNSS GRACE |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/1/162 |
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