Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay
Alkali activated cement (AAC) can be manufactured from industrial by-products to achieve goals of “zero-waste” production. We discuss in detail the AAC production process from (waste) post-production clay, which serves as the calcium-rich material. The effect of different parameters on the changes i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/4/953 |
| _version_ | 1797396191998115840 |
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| author | Michał Łach Reda A. Gado Joanna Marczyk Celina Ziejewska Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur Janusz Mikuła Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda Marek Hebda |
| author_facet | Michał Łach Reda A. Gado Joanna Marczyk Celina Ziejewska Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur Janusz Mikuła Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda Marek Hebda |
| author_sort | Michał Łach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alkali activated cement (AAC) can be manufactured from industrial by-products to achieve goals of “zero-waste” production. We discuss in detail the AAC production process from (waste) post-production clay, which serves as the calcium-rich material. The effect of different parameters on the changes in properties of the final product, including morphology, phase formation, compressive strength, resistance to the high temperature, and long-term curing is presented. The drying and grinding of clay are required, even if both processes are energy-intensive; the reduction of particle size and the increase of specific surface area is crucial. Furthermore, calcination at 750 °C ensure approximately 20% higher compressive strength of final AAC in comparison to calcination performed at 700 °C. It resulted from the different ratio of phases: Calcite, mullite, quartz, gehlenite, and wollastonite in the final AAC. The type of activators (NaOH, NaOH:KOH mixtures, KOH) affected AAC mechanical properties, significantly. Sodium activators enabled obtaining higher values of strength. However, if KOH is required, the supplementation of initial materials with fly ash or metakaolin could improve the mechanical properties and durability of AAC, even c.a. 28%. The presented results confirm the possibility of recycling post-production clay from the Raciszyn II Jurassic limestone deposit. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:47:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8e3f2d53aaa345f7a6905bff6bcb7132 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:47:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-8e3f2d53aaa345f7a6905bff6bcb71322023-12-11T17:26:59ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-02-0114495310.3390/ma14040953Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production ClayMichał Łach0Reda A. Gado1Joanna Marczyk2Celina Ziejewska3Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur4Janusz Mikuła5Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda6Marek Hebda7Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandNational Research Center (NRC), Department of Refractories, Ceramic and Building Materials, Dokki 12311, EgyptInstitute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandInstitute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, 51240 Nigde, TurkeyInstitute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandThe Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Cracow, PolandInstitute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, PolandAlkali activated cement (AAC) can be manufactured from industrial by-products to achieve goals of “zero-waste” production. We discuss in detail the AAC production process from (waste) post-production clay, which serves as the calcium-rich material. The effect of different parameters on the changes in properties of the final product, including morphology, phase formation, compressive strength, resistance to the high temperature, and long-term curing is presented. The drying and grinding of clay are required, even if both processes are energy-intensive; the reduction of particle size and the increase of specific surface area is crucial. Furthermore, calcination at 750 °C ensure approximately 20% higher compressive strength of final AAC in comparison to calcination performed at 700 °C. It resulted from the different ratio of phases: Calcite, mullite, quartz, gehlenite, and wollastonite in the final AAC. The type of activators (NaOH, NaOH:KOH mixtures, KOH) affected AAC mechanical properties, significantly. Sodium activators enabled obtaining higher values of strength. However, if KOH is required, the supplementation of initial materials with fly ash or metakaolin could improve the mechanical properties and durability of AAC, even c.a. 28%. The presented results confirm the possibility of recycling post-production clay from the Raciszyn II Jurassic limestone deposit.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/4/953aluminosilicatesalkali activatorcalcinationcompressive strength |
| spellingShingle | Michał Łach Reda A. Gado Joanna Marczyk Celina Ziejewska Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur Janusz Mikuła Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda Marek Hebda Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay Materials aluminosilicates alkali activator calcination compressive strength |
| title | Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay |
| title_full | Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay |
| title_fullStr | Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay |
| title_short | Process Design for a Production of Sustainable Materials from Post-Production Clay |
| title_sort | process design for a production of sustainable materials from post production clay |
| topic | aluminosilicates alkali activator calcination compressive strength |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/4/953 |
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